Anatomy FINAL Flashcards
Mitochandria
Produces ATP
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid inside the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Nucleus
Contains genetic material
Cell differentiation
a process in which cells become specialized.
Tissue
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.
Cell
the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes
Muscle tissue
Generates force for movement
Epitheleal tissue
Covering/lining of body parts
Connective tissue
Holds in place, connects, and integrates the body’s organs and systems
Nervous tissue
sends and receives impulses through electrochemical signals.
Epidermis
Top layer of the skin. Made of epitheleal cells and it’s the protective layer. Avascular = no blood vsesels
Dermis
Middle layer of skin. Makes up most of the skin. Made of connective tissue. Vascualr = Blood vessels.
Hypodermis
not part of the skin. Deepest layer. Made of adipose (fat) tissue.
Keratinocytes
produce keratin
Langerhan cells
ingests foreign substances and activates immune system
Melanocytes
produce melanin
Merkel cells
tactile (sensory) cells
Dermal papillary
Bumps that bind the epidermis & dermis; creates fingerprints
Meissner’s corpuscle
sense light touch
Capillary loops
Blood vessels used to exchange substances and wastes
Free nerve endings
sense pain, heat, cold, itching, and tickling
Arrector pili muscle
contracts to raise hair on end
Sebaceous gland
Gland that secretes oil
Sudoriferous gland
Gland that secretes sweat
Pacinian corpuscle
Senses heavy touch
Adipose tissue
adheres skin to the underlying muscle
Sensory nerve
Sends message from body cells to brain
Motor nerve
Sends message from the brain to body cells
Blood vessels
a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.
Main functions of the skeletal system (5)
Supports the body
Movement
Protects internal organs
produces blood cells
stores and releases minerals and fats
2 main divisions of the skeletal system
Axial (skull, ribs) (inside) and appendicular (arms, legs, hips) (outside)
Where are the long bones located
Arms and legs
Where are irregular bones located
spine and skull
How are bones categorized?
Shape and function
Long bone
Leverage
Short bone
Provides stability while allowing for some motion
Flat bone
Points of attachment; protectors of internal organs
Irregular bones
Protects internal organs
Sesamoid bone
Protects tendons from compressive force
Smooth muscle
Smooth, spindle shaped fibers. Involuntary, bladder. Helps move food, helps move blood.
Skeletal muscle
Long cylinders with 2 nucleus. Voluntary, biceps. Allows for strength and movement
Cardiac muscle
Branched, wave-like intercalated discs at the end of the fibers. Involuntary, heart. Pump blood through the body.
Excitability
Has the ability to recieve electrical impulses
Elasticity
Ability to come back after being stretched
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched/extend
Contractibility
The ability to contract
Amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable
Synathrotic
Not moveable
Diarthrotic
Ability to move completely
Red marrow
Ends of the bone. Soft tissue full of stem cells that produce: red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets
Medullary cavity
Hollow space inside the shaft. Filled with yellow marrow.
compact bone
Has few spaces. Much heavier/stronger than spongy bone. Makes up the middle/shaft of the bone.
Periosteum
A membrane made of connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone. Vascular=blood
Full of bone-growing cells - width
Articular cartilage
Found on the end of the bone. Protects the ends of our bones from: Friction and shock. It does not repair easily (piercings). Losing cartilage is called arthritis.
Spongy bone
Type of bone found in the ends of our bones. Light weight. Has pockets/spaces in it filled with red marrow.
Ossification
Bone formation
Hematopoiesis
Blood production
Spiral
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of twisting forces/movements
Impacted
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression. (Straight break)
Comminuted
Several break reasult in small pieces that broke from 2 large segments.
Greenstick
Partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
Compound
Atleast one end of the bone tears through the skin; high risk of infection
Simple
Skin remains intact
What characteristics do the inorganic salt crystals give bone?
Strength
What characteristics do the collagen fibers give bone?
Flexibility
Osteogenic cells
Develops into osteoblsats
Osteoclasts
Bone resorption
Osteoblasts
Bone formation
Endomysium
The membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle
Arranged in bundles called fascicles
Epimysium
The outermost membrane of skeletal muscle
Muslce fiber
(muscle cells) Made of many myofibrils
Perimysium
The membrane that surround the individual fascicles
Fascicle
Bundles of muscle fibers/cells
Sarcomere
Functional unit of the skeletal muscle (whole thing)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The little web thing inside the sarcomere
Z line
The lines outside of the myosin that touch the actin
Actin filament
The thin/dark lines that get pulled by the myosin
Myofibril
The little things that look like sausages/straws inside the sarcomere
Myosin filament
The thick/light lines that pull the actin
Cross bridge
When myosin connects to the actin
Myosin
The think lines
Actin
The thin circles/lines
Power stroke
When the myosin pulls the actin
ATP’s role in muscle contraction
The fuel for muscle contraction
Calcium ions role in muscle contractions
Calcium connects to the troposin and gets rid of it allowing for the myosin heads to connect to the actin which then results in muscle contraction
The purpose of meuromuscular junction
Get the chemical messenger from the nervous tissue to the msucle tissue.
Frontal plane
Cuts body in half vertically from arm to arm.
Facing forwards:
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Saggital plane
Cuts body in half vertically from back to front.
Facing forwards:
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Transvers plane
Cuts body in half horizontally from hip to hip.
Facing forward:
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Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Medial
Closer to the midline
Lateral
Further away from the midline
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
