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Anatomy FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochandria

A

Produces ATP

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell

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3
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

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6
Q

Cell differentiation

A

a process in which cells become specialized.

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7
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.

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8
Q

Cell

A

the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes

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9
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Generates force for movement

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10
Q

Epitheleal tissue

A

Covering/lining of body parts

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

Holds in place, connects, and integrates the body’s organs and systems

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

sends and receives impulses through electrochemical signals.

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of the skin. Made of epitheleal cells and it’s the protective layer. Avascular = no blood vsesels

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14
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin. Makes up most of the skin. Made of connective tissue. Vascualr = Blood vessels.

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15
Q

Hypodermis

A

not part of the skin. Deepest layer. Made of adipose (fat) tissue.

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16
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin

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17
Q

Langerhan cells

A

ingests foreign substances and activates immune system

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin

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19
Q

Merkel cells

A

tactile (sensory) cells

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20
Q

Dermal papillary

A

Bumps that bind the epidermis & dermis; creates fingerprints

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21
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

sense light touch

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22
Q

Capillary loops

A

Blood vessels used to exchange substances and wastes

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23
Q

Free nerve endings

A

sense pain, heat, cold, itching, and tickling

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24
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

contracts to raise hair on end

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25
Sebaceous gland
Gland that secretes oil
26
Sudoriferous gland
Gland that secretes sweat
27
Pacinian corpuscle
Senses heavy touch
28
Adipose tissue
adheres skin to the underlying muscle
29
Sensory nerve
Sends message from body cells to brain
30
Motor nerve
Sends message from the brain to body cells
31
Blood vessels
a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.
32
Main functions of the skeletal system (5)
Supports the body Movement Protects internal organs produces blood cells stores and releases minerals and fats
33
2 main divisions of the skeletal system
Axial (skull, ribs) (inside) and appendicular (arms, legs, hips) (outside)
34
Where are the long bones located
Arms and legs
35
Where are irregular bones located
spine and skull
36
How are bones categorized?
Shape and function
37
Long bone
Leverage
38
Short bone
Provides stability while allowing for some motion
39
Flat bone
Points of attachment; protectors of internal organs
40
Irregular bones
Protects internal organs
41
Sesamoid bone
Protects tendons from compressive force
42
Smooth muscle
Smooth, spindle shaped fibers. Involuntary, bladder. Helps move food, helps move blood.
43
Skeletal muscle
Long cylinders with 2 nucleus. Voluntary, biceps. Allows for strength and movement
44
Cardiac muscle
Branched, wave-like intercalated discs at the end of the fibers. Involuntary, heart. Pump blood through the body.
45
Excitability
Has the ability to recieve electrical impulses
46
Elasticity
Ability to come back after being stretched
47
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched/extend
48
Contractibility
The ability to contract
49
Amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable
50
Synathrotic
Not moveable
51
Diarthrotic
Ability to move completely
52
Red marrow
Ends of the bone. Soft tissue full of stem cells that produce: red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets
53
Medullary cavity
Hollow space inside the shaft. Filled with yellow marrow.
54
compact bone
Has few spaces. Much heavier/stronger than spongy bone. Makes up the middle/shaft of the bone.
55
Periosteum
A membrane made of connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone. Vascular=blood Full of bone-growing cells - width
56
Articular cartilage
Found on the end of the bone. Protects the ends of our bones from: Friction and shock. It does not repair easily (piercings). Losing cartilage is called arthritis.
57
Spongy bone
Type of bone found in the ends of our bones. Light weight. Has pockets/spaces in it filled with red marrow.
58
Ossification
Bone formation
59
Hematopoiesis
Blood production
60
Spiral
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of twisting forces/movements
61
Impacted
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression. (Straight break)
62
Comminuted
Several break reasult in small pieces that broke from 2 large segments.
63
Greenstick
Partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
64
Compound
Atleast one end of the bone tears through the skin; high risk of infection
65
Simple
Skin remains intact
66
What characteristics do the inorganic salt crystals give bone?
Strength
67
What characteristics do the collagen fibers give bone?
Flexibility
68
Osteogenic cells
Develops into osteoblsats
69
Osteoclasts
Bone resorption
70
Osteoblasts
Bone formation
71
Endomysium
The membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibers
72
Skeletal muscle
Arranged in bundles called fascicles
73
Epimysium
The outermost membrane of skeletal muscle
74
Muslce fiber
(muscle cells) Made of many myofibrils
75
Perimysium
The membrane that surround the individual fascicles
76
Fascicle
Bundles of muscle fibers/cells
77
Sarcomere
Functional unit of the skeletal muscle (whole thing)
78
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The little web thing inside the sarcomere
79
Z line
The lines outside of the myosin that touch the actin
80
Actin filament
The thin/dark lines that get pulled by the myosin
81
Myofibril
The little things that look like sausages/straws inside the sarcomere
82
Myosin filament
The thick/light lines that pull the actin
83
Cross bridge
When myosin connects to the actin
84
Myosin
The think lines
85
Actin
The thin circles/lines
86
Power stroke
When the myosin pulls the actin
87
ATP's role in muscle contraction
The fuel for muscle contraction
88
Calcium ions role in muscle contractions
Calcium connects to the troposin and gets rid of it allowing for the myosin heads to connect to the actin which then results in muscle contraction
89
The purpose of meuromuscular junction
Get the chemical messenger from the nervous tissue to the msucle tissue.
90
Frontal plane
Cuts body in half vertically from arm to arm. Facing forwards: --------------- | | | | | | ----------------
91
Saggital plane
Cuts body in half vertically from back to front. Facing forwards: | | |
92
Transvers plane
Cuts body in half horizontally from hip to hip. Facing forward: ----------------
93
Superior
Above
94
Inferior
Below
95
Medial
Closer to the midline
96
Lateral
Further away from the midline
97
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
98
Posterior
Towards the back of the body

English Final (20 decks)

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