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ENT Patrick Stenhouse > Anatomy - Clinical Anatomy of the Larynx > Flashcards

Anatomy - Clinical Anatomy of the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

The larynx is enclosed within which fascia?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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2
Q

Which structures can be found within the pretracheal fascia?

A
  1. Strap muscles
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Trachea and larynx
  4. Oesophagus and pharynx
  5. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
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3
Q

The larynx is found anteriorly to which structure?

A

Laryngopharynx

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4
Q

Which vertebral levels can the larynx be found?

A

C4 and C6

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5
Q

What are the main fuctions of the larynx?

A
  1. Keeps upper respiratory tract patent
  2. Prevents entry of foreign bodies into lower respiratory tract
  3. Vocal cords produce sound
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6
Q

Which muscles can be classed as strap muscles?

A
  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Omohyoid
  3. Sternothyroid
  4. Thyrohyoid
  5. Levator muscle of the thyroid gland
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7
Q

What are the three processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Vocal
  3. Muscular
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8
Q

What are the false vocal cords?

A

Thick folds of mucosa surrounding the vestibular ligaments which connect the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis

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9
Q

What are the true vocal cords?

A

Thick folds of mucosa encompassing the vocal ligament which travels between the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Which membrane can be found between the vestibular ligament and epiglottis?

A

Quadrangular membrane

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11
Q

Name the five different types of intrinsic muscles in the larynx?

A
  1. Cricothyroid muscles
  2. Thyroarytenoid muscles
  3. Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
  4. Arytenoid muscles
  5. Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
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12
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

CN X

(Inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve innates all except the cricothyroid which is innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve)

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13
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?

A

Tenses vocal ligament

(increases pitch of voice)

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14
Q

What are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscles?

A

Anterolateral cricoid cartilage

Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

What is the function of the thyroarythenoid muscles?

A

Relax vocal ligament

(lowers pitch of voice)

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16
Q

What are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid muscles?

A

Posterior thyroid

Anterior arytenoid cartilage

17
Q

What is the function of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts vocal ligaments

(quietens voice)

18
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid

Anterior cricoid cartilage

19
Q

What is the function of the arytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts vocal ligaments

(makes voice quieter)

20
Q

What are the attachments of the arytenoid muscles?

A

One arytenoid cartilage to the opposite cricoid cartilage

21
Q

What is the function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

Abducts vocal cords

(makes voice louder)

22
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

Posterior cricoid cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

23
Q

Where do supra-glottic tumours spread?

A

Superior deep cervical lymph nodes

24
Q

Where do glottic tumours spread?

A

95% stay of the cords

25
Q

Where do sub-glottic tumours spread?

A

Paratracheal nodes

26
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in speech?

A

CN V3 - Tension of soft palate

CN X - Elevation of soft palate

CN XII - Tongue movement

CN VII - Movement of teeth and lips

27
Q

What is the innervation of the mucosa

a) Above the vocal folds
b) Below the vocal folds

A

a) Internal laryngeal nerve - Above the vocal folds
b) Inferior laryngeal nerve - Below the vocal folds

28
Q

What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A
  1. Internal laryngeal nerve
  2. External larngeal nerve
29
Q

At which point does the recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve?

A

Locel of the cricothyroid joint

30
Q

How can the vagus nerve and its branches be clinically tested?

A
  1. Swallowing a sip of water
  2. Listening to patient speech
  3. Coughing

ENT Patrick Stenhouse (27 decks)

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