Anatomy Ch 6 test review Flashcards
combo of all but rotation, common in ball-in-socket, proximal end of limb is stationary and its distal end is moves in a circle, limb as whole outlines a cone
EX: shoulder
circumduction
opposite of abduction, limb toward the body midline
EX: lower arm movement
adduction
opposite of adduction, moving a limb away (generally on the frontal plane) from midline, median place
EX: lower arm movement
abduction
is movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
EX: movement of head
rotation
movement that increased the angle of the joint
EX: straginthing fixed knee, movement of head
extension
movement of foot, standing on heel
dorsiflexion
movement of foot, pointing toes
planter flexion
invert foot, turn the sole medially
inversion
evert the foot, turn the sole laterally
eversion
turning backward, ulna and radius are straight, thumb up
supination
turning forward, radius crosses over ulna, thumb down
pronation
move thumb to touch all fingers on same hand
opposition
same tone/ tension, muscle shorten –> movement occurs, normal
isotonic contraction
same measurement/ lengthen, muscle try to slide, but something immovable does not allow this EX: a single person trying to move a 400 pound dresser by themselves
isometric contractions
sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch to receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to react
muscle tone
ability to recoil and resume their resting length after being stretched
elasticity
the ability of a muscle to be stretched
extensibility
excitability/ sponsitivness, the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
irritability
ability to shorten (forcibly) when adequate stimulated
contractility
muscle considering of cross-striated (cross-striped) muscle fibers; cardiac/ skeletal
striated muscle
muscle under control of the will; skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle
the connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers
perimysium
the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle
epimysium
muscle cells
muscle fibers
cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
tendon
muscle consisting of spindle-shaped, nonstriated, muscle cell; involuntary muscle
smooth muscle
specialized muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle
muscle husk, oval nuclei just beneath the plasma membrane
sarcolemma
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it supplies
motor unit
the region where a motor neuron comes into close contract with a skeletal muscle cell
neuromuscular junction
the fliud-filled space at synapse between neurons
synaptic cleft
an electrical event occuring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity
( minimum needed threshold to get a muscle reaction)
action potential
a single rapid contraction of a muscle followed by relaxation
muscle twitch
a response that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus
graded response
respiration in which oxygen is considered and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products
aerobic respiration
does not use oxygen, in muscle during hard exercise
anaerobic respiration
if the stimulus frequency is so high that the relaxation phase disappears completely, contractions become continuous
complete tetanus
muscles go through quick cycles of contractions followed by relaxation periods
incomplete tetanus
voluntary, striated, multinucleate cells, single, very long, cylindrical
skeletal muscles
visceral, nonstriated, involuntary, uninucleate, single, fusiform
smooth muscles
stratied, involuntary, uninucleate, intercalated discs, branching chains of cells
cardiac muscle
functions of the muscle
producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat
attached to the immoveable or less moveable bone
origin
attached to the moveable bone, when muscle contractions it moves towards the origin
insertion
muscle have the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
prime mover
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
antagonists
