anatomy Ch 5 test review (notes) Flashcards
the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and sternum
axial skeleton
composed of 126 bones, limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
bones increase in diameter
appositional growth
first cervical vertebra
atlas
second cervical vertebra
axis
elongated shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
periosteum
dense, looks smooth and homogeneous
compact bone
composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
spongy bone
yellow marrow, the cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue
medullary cavity
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
osteoclasts
bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
a mature bone cells
osteocytes
system of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage
skeletal system
allows the lengthwise growth of bone, flat plate of hyaline cartilage in young, growing bone
epiphyseal plate
blood-filled swelling, first stage in the healing of a bone fracture
hematoma
breaks
fractures
restoring broken bone ends (or a dislocated bone) to its original position
reduction
C1 to C7, concave, form neck region to spine
cervical vertebrae
T1 to T12, convex, all typical, only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
L1 to L5, concave, sturdiest of the vertebrae because of all the pressure from body weight
lumbar vertebrae
5 pairs, attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all
false ribs
last 2 pairs of false ribs, lack the sternal attachments
floating ribs
two bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper femur
trochanter
articulations, the junction of two or more bones
joints
accumulation of uric acid in the blood causes sever pain on one joint, typically the big toe
Gout
inflammation in the Joints
arthritis
an increased softening of the bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone formation; a common condition in older people
osteoporosis
most common form of arthritis, chronic degenerative condition that typically affects the aged
Osteoarthritis (OA)
chronic inflammatory disorder
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
stretching or tearing of ligaments
sprain
upper back abnormal spine curvature
kyphosis
lower back abnormal spine curvature
lordosis
spine shifts left or right from original position
scoliosis
functions of the skeletal system
support the body, protection of soft organs, allow movement via attached muscles, store minerals and fats, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
parts of skeletal system
bones (skeleton), joints, cartilages, ligaments
classification of bones (4)
short, flat, long, irregular
typically longer than they are wide, shaft with enlarged ends, contain mostly compact bones
long bone
Examples of long bone
femur, humerus
thin, flattened, and usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them
flat bones
examples of flat bone
most bones of the skull, ribs, sternum
generally cubed-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone, sesamoid bones are a type of this bone that form within tendons (patella)
short bones
examples of short bone
carpals, tarsals
irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories
irregular bones
examples of irregular bone
vertebrae, hip bones
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones
epiphyseal line
where the spine meets the skull
foramen Magnum
what holds in the head of the humerus
glenoid cavity
end of long bone
epiphysis
covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, decreases friction
articular cartilage
lines the inner surface of the shaft, made of connective tissue
endosteum
cavity inside the shaft, contains yellow marrow, (mostly flat) in adults, contains red marrow for blood cell formation until age 6 or 7
medullary cavity
sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, passages for nerves and blood vessels
bone markings
projections or processes
grow out from the bone surface (all protections being with “T”) category of bone markings
depressions or cavities
depressions or cavities- indentions (all depression begin with “F”) (except facet)category of bone markings,
3-5 fused bones in the spine
sacrum, coccyx
immovable joints (functional)
synarthroses
slightly moveable joints (functional)
amphiarthrosis
freely moveable joints (functional)
diarthroses
immovable joints (instructional )
fibrous joints
slightly moveable (instructional)
cartilaginous joints
freely moveable (instructional)
synovial joints
the articular surfaces are essentially flat, and only short slipping or gliding movements are allowed. EX: carpals
plane joint
the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone. EX: humerus
Hinge joint
the rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone (and possibly ligaments) EX: ulna to radius
pivot joint
(knuckle-like) the egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another
EX: metacarpals to phalanges
condyloid joint
each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle. EX: carpals to metacarpals
saddle joints
the spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another. EX: head of humerus to scapula
ball-and-socket joint
bone thinning disease, makes bones fragile and can easily fracture, vertebral collapse results in Kyphosis (dowager’s hump)
osteoporosis
bone breaks into many fragments
comminuted
bone is crushed
compression
broken bone portion is pressed inward
depression
broken bone ends are forced into each other
impacted
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
spiral
bone breaks in completely, much in the way green twig breaks
greenstick
