Anatomy Ch 10 test review Flashcards
the percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume
hematocrit
the fluid portion of the blood
plasma
stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood
hemocytoblasts
a group of proteins that stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, involved with interleukins
colony-stimulating factors
bizarre multinucleate cells, large bone marrow cells that produce platelets, which help blood clots
megakaryocytes
red blood cells
erythrocytes
an immature erythrocyte, containing a nucleus
erythoblasts
a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues
erythropoietin
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by a decreased number of erythrocytes or decreased percentage of hemoglobin In the blood
anemia
white blood cells lacking hemoglobin, a nucleus, capable of motility
leukocytes
leukocytes, cells help body fight infection & disease
white blood cells (WBCs)
granules in their cytoplasm can be stained, possess lobed nuclei, and includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
granulocytes
lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nuclei-spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped, includes lymphocytes and monocytes
agranulocytes
the most abundant of the white blood cells
neutrophils
granular white blood cells whose granules readily take up a stain called eosin
eosinophils
WBC whose granules stain deep blue with basic dye, have a relatively pale nucleus and granular-appearing cytoplasm
basophils
large single-nucleus WBC; a granular leukocyte
monocytes
a granular white blood cells formed in the bone marrow that mature in the lymphoid tissue
lymphocytes
a specialized substance produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen
antibodies
the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissue
diapedesis
abnormally low WBC count, commonly caused by certain drugs- corticosteroids and anticancer agents
leukopenia
normal response to infection, but excessive production of abnormal WBCs during infectious mononucleosis or Leukemia is pathological
leukocytosis
a compound present in blood platelets and serum, which constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter
serotonin
one of the irregular cell fragments of blood; involved in clotting
platelets
How much blood is made of plasma?
55% of blood is plasma
decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood due to: lower-than normal number of RBCs, abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs: Anemia
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin, increased resistance to malaria
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs: Sickle Cell anemia
disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs due to: bone marrow cancer, life at higher altitudes, increase in RBCs slow blood flow and increases blood viscosity
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs: Polycythemia
normal response to an infection but excessive production of abnormal WBCs during infectious mononucleosis or Leukemia is pathological
homeostatic imbalances of WBCs: leukocytosis
abnormally low WBC count, commonly caused by certain drugs-such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
homeostatic imbalances of WBCs: leukopenia
bone marrow becomes cancerous, numerous immature WBC are produced
homeostatic imbalances of WBCs: Leukemia
what are the cells in blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
number of RBCs in blood
5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
number of WBCs in blood
4,800-10,800 WBCs per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
number of platelets in blood
300,000 platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
what are the types of blood?
A, B, O, and AB
Type AB can receive?
A, B, O, and AB
Type B can receive?
B and O
Type A can receive?
A and O
Type O can receive?
O
which type of blood is the universal donor?
Type O
Which type of blood is the universal recipient?
type AB
Main function is the carry oxygen, no nucleus, contain few organelles, essentially bags of hemoglobin
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
what is the lifespan of RBCs?
100 to 120 days because they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
occurs in red bone marrow, all blood cells come from a common stem cell( hemocytoblasts), hemocytoblasts form two types of descendants. Lymphoid stem cells- lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells- all other formed elements
hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
controlled by hormones, colony stimulating factors and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes. Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
formation of white blood cells and platelets
no nucleus- can’t divide, grow, or synthesize proteins, when worn out they are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen/ liver, cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
formation of red blood cells
process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel
hemostasis
immediate response to blood vessel injury, vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm, spasm narrow the blood vessels= decreasing blood lost
Step 1 hemostasis: vascular spasms
collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel, platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers, anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets, platelets will file up to form platelet plug
step 2 hemostasis: platelet plug formation
injured tissue release tissue factor, phospholipid interacts with TF=blood protein clotting factors and calcium ion to trigger a clotting cascade, prothrombin ( stronger clott) activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin joints fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin, fibrin forms a meshwork (base for clott), within the hours-serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts to pull edges of the blood vessel together
Step 3 hemostasis: coagulation
plasma minus clotting proteins
serum
how long does it take for a blood clot to form?
within 3 to 6 minutes
what happens when a person loses 15-30% of blood?
pallor and weakness
what happens when a person loses over 30% of blood?
shock, which can be fatal
when are blood transfusions given?
substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for bicytopenia
process of red blood cells destruction, lice cell death
hemolysis
mother has Rh- and father and baby have Rh+, mother will have to take a shot to prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood
Rh- related problem during pregnancy
mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood during second pregnancy
hemolytic disease of the newborn
antigen-antibody reaction
agglutination
