Anatomy Ch 4 test review Flashcards
the skin; composed of epidermis and dermal layers
cutaneous membrane
(mucous membrane) membrane that forms the lining of body cavities open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract)
mucosa
(serous membrane) membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body (except for joint cavities)
serosa
the serous membrane covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity
pleura
a clear watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous membrane
serous fluid
the membranous sac enveloping the heart
pericardia
membrane that lines the capsule of the synovial joint
synovial membrane
a tough, insoluble protein found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin
keratin
the outer layer of the skin; epithelium
epidermis
the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
dermis
(subcutaneous tissue) deep to the dermis, essentially adipose tissue
hypodermis
dark pigment synthesized by melanocytes; responsible for skin color
melanin
glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa)
exocrine glands
glands that empty their sebum secretion into hair follicles
sebaceous glands
(sweat glands) that glands that produce a saline solution called sweat
sudoriferous glands
the less numerous type of sweat glands. produces a secretion containing water, salt, and proteins
apocrine glands
more numerous, found all over the body, produces sweat
eccrine glands
only epidermis is damaged, area red and swollen, temporary discomfort, not usually serious and generally heals in two to three days without special attention, sunburn, partial thickness burn
first-degree burn
injury to the epidermis and the upper region of dermis, skin red and painful, blisters appear, regrowth of the epidermis can occur, usually no permanent scars result if treated, partial thickness burns
second-degree burns
destroy the entire thickness of the skin, burned area appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened, nerve endings destroyed= no pain, regeneration is not possible= need skin grafts, full-thickness burns
third-degree burns
extends into deeper tissue (bone,muscle, tendon) appears dry and leathery, requires surgery and grafting, may require amputation, full-thickness bruns
fourth-degree burns
body divided into 11 areas, plus 1% of genitals
rule of nines
rule of nines- front of head
front of head 4.5%
rule of nines= front upper body
front upper body 18%
rule of nines= front left arm
front left arm 4.5%
rule of nines= back left arm
back left arm 4.5%
rule of nines= front right arm
front right arm 4.5%
rule of nines= back right arm
back right arm 4.5%
rule of nines= back of head
back of head 4.5%
rule of nines= back of upper body
back of upper body 18%
rule of nines= front left leg
front left leg 9%
rule of nines= back left leg
back left leg 9%
rule of nines= front right leg
front right leg 9%
rule of nines= back right leg
back right leg 9%
rule of nines= genitals
genitals 1%
A
Asymmetry
asymmetry
two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B
Border irregularity
Border irregularity
borders of mole are not smooth
C
Color
Color
different colors in pigmented area
D
Diameter
Diameter
spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter
E
Evolutions
Evolutions
one or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving
epidermis 5 layers, inside to out
stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
where is keratin located?
found in tissues such as hair, nails and epidermis of the skin
where are myelocytes?
mostly in the stratum basale of the skin
covers organs in the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
surround the lungs
pleurae
surround the heart
pericardia
what pigments contribute to skin color?
melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments
melanin
orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables)
carotene
red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries, oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
hemoglobin
due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
redness (erythema)
due to emotional stress (such as fear) anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
pallor
indicated a liver disorder
jaundice (yellow cast)
bruises (black and blue marks)
hematomas
what tissues make up the skin( cutaneous) ?
epidermis and dermis
what is subcutaneous tissue?
hypodermis
anchors skin to underlying organs, not technically part of the integumentary system, composed mostly of adipose tissue, serves as a shock absorber and insulated deeper tissue
hypodermis
composed of stratified squamous epithelium, most cells are keratinized ( makes the layer tough), desmosomes connects keratinocytes together
epidermis- outer layer
has no blood supply of its own, explains why man can shave daily and not bleed even though eh cuts off many cell layers each time he shaves
avascular
deepest layer of epidermis, lays next to dermis, wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together, cells undergoing mitosis, daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layer
stratum basale
cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized
stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum
formed from dead cells for the deeper strata, occurs ONLY in thick/hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet
stratum lucidum
outermost layer of epidermis, shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
stratum corneum
are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into the deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis
cutaneous glands
fond all over the skin, except palms of hands and soles of feet
sebaceous (oil) glands
apocrine glands (located)
largely contained to the axillary and genital areas of the body
