Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
label for multiple cells that play a supportive (yet critical) role in neuron function
Glia cells (pg. 9)
One of the most important functions of the glial cells is the formation of _______ on axons
myelin sheaths (pg.9)
what provides electrical insulation and thereby increases the speech of APs
myelin sheaths (pg.9)
Action potentials are _______ events
all or nothing (pg.10)
The brain and spinal cord are referred to as the ______
Centreal nervous system (CNS) (pg.12)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates with the ____
CNS (pg.12)
True/False: If a CNS neuron is injured it is likely that it will regenerate
False: CNS neurons have little regenerative capabilities due to their tendency to retract their processes and/or die after injury (pg.12)
True/False: PNS neurons tend to regenerate
True (pg. 12)
PNS can be divided into the ________ NS and the ______NS
somatic; autonomic (pg.12)
the _____NS supports sensation and motor function. Movements that are consciously perceived and volitionally controled
Somatic (pg.12)
the _____NS supports functions that are mostly below conscious awareness
Autonomic (pg.12)
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 (pg. 13)
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 (pg. 13)
afferent nerves are sensory or motor?
sensory (pg.14)
efferent nerves are sensory or motor?
motor (pg.14)
the CNS is covered by 3 layers of protective membranes called the meninges. These layers are….
- Pia
2.arachnoid
3.dura
(PAD)
pg. 14
The thin fibrous sheet that tightly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater (pg. 14)
spider weblike mesh of fibers providing a region through which cerebral spinal fluid can flow
arachnoid mater (pg.15)
the tough durable sac made of dense fibrous tissue that surround the entire brain and spinal cord
Dura mater (pg.15)
______ is clear fluid created in the ventricular system
Cerebral spinal fluid (pg.16)
If the flow of CSF through the ventricular system is blocked, it causes elevated CSF pressure. This is known as ….
hydrocephalus (pg. 16)
there are how many ventricles in the brain?
4 (pg. 16)
- the right and left lateral ventricles
- the third ventricle on the midline of the brain
- the fourth ventricle at the base of the cerebellum
fibers within the cerebral hemisphere that form short connections between adjacent gyri or longer connection between lobes
association fibers (pg. 17)
transverse fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
commissural fibers (pg. 17)
the _____ serves several life-sustaining functions and is the route through which nearly all neural information travels between the body and the brain
brainstem (pg. 17)
Does the brainstem carry information for vision and smell?
No (pg.17)
3 major segments of the brainstem
- medulla oblongata
- the pons
- the midbrain
(pg. 18)
the lowest segment of the brainstem that contains neural circuitry for respiration, cardiac rate, and reflexes such as coughing, vomiting, and swallowing
medulla oblongata (pg. 18)
the region of the brainstem where several cranial nerves have their associated nuclei (including motor nuclei for chewing, facial expressions, vestibular, and cochlear sensory functions)
Pons (pg. 18)
the region of the brainstem that processes visual and acoustic information
midbrain (pg.18)
periaqueductal gray in the midbrain is important for what speech functions?
The PAG plays a vital role in coordinating phonatory, articulatory, and respiratory movements for sound production (pg. 18)
PAG lesions can cause what?
Mutism (pg.18)
_____plays an important role in motor control by comparing motor intent and motor outcome. it sends error correction info to the motor cortex
cerebellum (pg.18)
lesions to the cerebellum do not cause paralysis but…
disrupt the coordination and precision of motor behaviors
ataxia
(pg. 19)
a collection of cell collins and interconnecting networks (centered in the pons) that coordinate motor functions of the head (such as mastication and articulation)
reticular formation (pg. 19)
the telechephalon is also known as the…
cerebral cortex
The anterior portion of the frontal lobe (the prefrontal cortex) contributes to…
- executive functioning
- attention
- monitoring
- planning
- decision making
(pg. 19)
Broca’s area in the inferior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere is important for…
language production (pg.19)
The premotor cortex is involved in…
the performance of skilled motor movements (such as those necessary for speech)
(pg. 19)
the primary motor cortex is the source…
of half or more of all of the body motor control signals (pg.19)
what is the importance of the homunculus in relation to the primary motor cortex?
the homunculus demonstrates that functions requiring relatively more neural processing take up relatively more cortex
(pg.19)
the most anterior portion of the parietal lobe, the post central gyrus is the sight of the…
primary somatosensory cortex (pg. 19)
the somatosensory cortex receives…
body sensations (excluding hearing and vision)
(pg.19)
it is also tonotopically organized with sensitive regions taking up relatively more cortex
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
wishing the superior surface of the temporal lobe superior to Heschl’s gyrus (pg.20)
adjacent to the primary auditory cortex is the site of…(important for language comprehension)
Wernicke’s area (pg. 20)
the ________ guides behavior mostly through inhibition
basal ganglia (pg. 21)
4 division of the basal ganglia
- striatum
- globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
- subthalamic nucleus
(pg. 21)
almost all sensory info reaching the cerebral hemispheres that we consciously perceive is relayed through the _____
thalamus (pg. 22)
motor pathways of the basal ganglia and cerebellum travel through __________ of the thalamus en route to the motor cortex
motor subdivisions (pg. 22)
the pyramidal system contains…
upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons (pg. 22)
nerve impulses carried away from the brain stem are…
efferent signals
hint: efferents exit the brain
(pg. 22)
the function of the direct motor pathway is to…
control skilled, voluntary movements or our extremities (pg.22)
the 2 division of the pyramidal system
- corticospinal
- corticobulbar
(p. g22)
In the corticospinal tract, the upper motor neurons originate in the primary motor cortex, descend through the _______, once they reach the transition point from the brainstem to the spinal cord, the fibers ________ in the pyramidal decussation and control muscles on the _____ side of the body
internal capsule; crossover; opposite (contralateral )
pg.22
what is the final common pathway?
where the axons that project from lower motor neurons contact striated muscle (pg.23)
damage to the final common pathway results in muscle..
muscle paresis or paralysis, muscle atrophy, fibrillations (pg.23)
in the corticobulbar tract contains upper motor neurons in the _______ and connect to lower motor neurons in the ______
cerebellum; brainstem (pg.23)
what is the function of the coritcobulbar tract?
control the muscles of the face and neck (pg.23)
typically corticobulbar control is ______ with the exception of contralateral control to the ______ and _______
bilateral; lower face (CN VII); tongue (CN XII) (pg.24)
the motor system also contains descending pathways that are indirect forming part of the _______ system
extrapyramidal system (p.g 24)
the extrapyramidal system is involved in _____ and _____ of multiple muscle groups and some voluntary movements
reflexes; coordination (pg.24)
What does the cerebellum contribute to?
coordination, planning, timing, and precision of movements and motor learning (pg. 25)
the cerebellum compares motor ______ with actual motor ______ such that motor program can be altered to most accurately match the output goals
intent; execution (p.g 25)
Damage to the cerebellar control circuits can lead to what?
incoordination, intention tremor, limb ataxia, hypotonia, disequilibrium, dysarthria and dysmetria ( pg.25)
the basal ganglia is critical to the _______ of motor activity
regulation (pg.25)
True/False: the basal ganglia exerts direct motor control
False; the basal ganglia contribute inhibitory or facilitatory input to the cortex (pg.25)
within the basal ganglia, the neurotransmitter dopamine is excitatory or inhibitory?
inhibitory (pg.26)
interruption to the directions and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia lead to…
movement disorders of initiation or muscle tone
- tremors
- athetosis
- ballism
- chorea
pg. 26
slow, repetitive writhing movements
athetosis (pg.26)
rhythmic, repetitive jerking movements
Chorea (pg.26)
sudden, jerky flinging movements
ballism (pg.26)
sensory signals are called…
afferent signals
hint: affrerents arrive
pg. 26
deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the body
artery (pg. 30)
carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart and lungs
vein (pg.30)
supplies blood to medial surfaces of the cortex and supply regions deep to the lobes (e.g. basal ganglia)
anterior cerebral arteries
pg. 30
supplies blood to the lateral frontal lobe, lateral temporal lobes, portions of lateral parietal lobe, regions deep to lobes (e.g. basal ganglia)
middle cerebral arteries (pg.30)
supplies the heard and dura, but not the brain with blood
external carotid artery (pg.30)
the left and right vertebral arteries send off branches that supply the…
anterior spinal cord and posterior cerebellum (pg.30)
the basilar artery sends off branches that supply potions of the…
medulla, noms, and cerebellum (pg.30)
The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the..
occipital lobes and inferior and medial temporal cortices and to regions deep to lobes (e.g. thalamus)
The internal carotid and vertebral artery at the level of the ventral midbrain form what?
the circle of willis (pg. 31)
It is important to understand the vessel pathways that provide blood supply to the brain, because interruption of this supply ….
is the largest cause of neurological deficit and the location of vessel hemorrhage and/or occlusion will have particular functional impacts (pg.32)
______ plays an important role in vocalization and must be coordinated with swallowing
breathing (pg.32)
based on the angle with which the bronchi enter lungs, aspiration is more common in the _____ lung
right (pg.32)
what are the 4 major muscles that are involved in respiration?
- diaphragm
- abdominals
- external intercostals
- internal intercostals
(pg. 33)
what are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
sternocleidomastoid (pg.33)
what is critical to the process of passive breathing?
the brainstem, specifically the medulla (pg.33)
what are the steps in inspiration during quiet breathing?
- medulla sends signals to the diaphragm to contract, lowering and flattening the diaphragm (enlarging the thoracic cavity)
- this increases lung volume and created negative pressure
- the external intercostals expand, elevating the ribcage and create more negative pressure
- air rushes into the lungs until the pressure inside and outside the lungs are equal
(pg. 33)
in the expiratory phase, the lungs, chest wall, and rib cage return to their relaxed position due to:
- elastic recoil
- gravitational pull on the elevated ribcage
(pg. 34)
during speech airflow is _________ controlled to maintain sufficient and constant pressure for sustained phonation
actively (pg.34)
_____ of air are inspired during speech breathing than during passive breathing
larger volumes (pg.34)
inspiration takes places ____ than during passive breathing
faster (pg.34)
for each cycle of quiet respiration _____ phase accounts for 40% of the breathing cycle and ____ phase accounts for 60& of the breathing cycle
inspiratory; expiratory (pg.34)
For expiration during speech production the ____ phrase accounts for 90% of the breathing cycle
expiratory (pg.34)
during speech, breathing expiration must be actively controlled in order to support…
long phrase lengths and steady phonation
what is expiration controlled by during speech?
- valving of expired air by the glottis
- contraction of muscles of inspiration
(pg. 34)
average volume of air exchanged in a cycle of passive breathing
tidal volume (pg.34)
the maximal volume of air that can be inspired above the level of dial inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume (pg.34)
the maximum volume of air that can be expired below relaxation volume
expiratory reserve volume (pg.34)
the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
residual volume (pg.34)
volume of air exchanged between a maximum inspiration and a maximum expiration
vital capacity (pg.35)
vital capacity=
inspiratory reserve volume+ tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume (pg.35)
volume of air in the lungs at the end of expiratory phase of tidal breathing
functional residual capacity (pg.35)
functional residual capacity=
expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
maximum volume of air that can be inspired
inspiratory capacity (pg.35)
inspiratory capacity=
tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity=
inspiratory reserve volume+ tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
the ___ is critical to airway protection, phonation, and is critical for airway protection during swallowing
larynx (pg.35)
the coordinated anterior and superior motion of the hyoid and larynx during swallowing leads to ___________, protecting the airway
epiglottic inversion (pg.37)
what is not technically a part of the larynx, but is an important contributor to laryngeal and tongue positioning?
hyoid bone (pg.38)
What is the primary function of the thyroarytenoid and circothryroid muscle?
to control vocal fold length and tension (pg.38)
what are the 2 intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid (pg.38)
contraction of the ________ muscle shortens and tenses the body of the vocal folds
thyroarytenoid (pg.38)
Contraction of the _____ muscle rocks the cricoid cartilage backward at the location of the arytenoid cartilages, which stretches the vocal folds and contributes to raising pitch
cricothyroid (pg.38)
what muscles adduct the vocal folds?
1) Lateral circoarytenoid
2) transverse and oblique interarytenoid muscles
what muscle abducts the vocal folds?
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
all laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve?
cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) (pg.39)
the cricothyroid receives motor innervation through the external branch of the….
superior laryngeal nerve (pg.39)
all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except for the cricothyroid) receive motor innervation from the….
recurrent laryngeal nerve (pg.39)
what do the suprahyoid muscles contribute to?
- hyoid elevation
- raise the larynx
- tensing the vocal folds
- and in turn increasing pitch
(pg. 39)
what are the suprahyoid muscles?
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
- stylohyoid
- digastic muscles
(pg. 39)
______ is innervated by the mandibular portion of the triennial nerve
mylohyoid; CNV (trigeminal) nerve (pg.39)
_____ is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
geniohyoid; CN XII (pg.39)
_____ is innervated by the facial nerve
stylohyoid; CN VII (pg.39)
the anterior belly of the digastric muscles is innervated by the…
mandibular nerve, a division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) (pg.39)
the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by…
the digastric nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (CNVII) (pg. 39)
what muscles contribute to hyolaryngeal depression
the infra hyoids (pg. 39)
what are the infra hyoid muscles
- sternohyoid
- omohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
(pg. 41)
All the infra hyoid muscles are innervated by the….
ansa cervicalis (pg.41)
what are the layers of the vocal folds?
- vocalis muscle
- lamina propria
- epithelium
(pg. 41)
what is the term used to describe the space between the right and left vocal fold?
-glottis (pg.42)
the thyroarytenoid muscle, the deep lamina propria, and the intermediate lamina propria make up the _____ of the vocal fold
body (pg.41)
the highly gelatinous and pliable layer that is comprised of the superficial lamina propria and the epithelium
the cover (pg.41)
what are some factors that may affect the stiffness and pliability of the vocal folds?
- radiation therapy
- nodules
- vocal fold pathologies
- polyps
(pg. 41)
what is the theory that describes the driving force and process of vocal fold vibration
myoelastic aerodynamic theory (pg.41)
describe the myo portion of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory
- myo=muscle
- vocal folds are drawn together during voicing
- vocal folds are drawn apart during breathing and for the production of voiceless phonemes
- muscle contractions of the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles affects the tension and positioning of the vocal folds
(pg. 41)
describe the elastic portion of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory
-elastic refers to the pliable property of the lamina propria
the elastic nature of superficial vocal fold layers lead to vibration that is wavelike rather than rigid
-the vibration causes a mucosal wave
-contractions of the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles will impact the stiffness of the cover
(pg.41)
describe the aerodynamic portion of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory
- vibration depends on vocal fold tension and positioning as well as on airflow
- ari pressure and airflow provide the forces that drive phonation
(pg. 42 )
describe a typical cycle of voicing
-vocal folds adducted (closing the glottis)
-subglottal air pressure builds up
-air pressure eventually blows open the vocal folds
-inferior positions open before superior portions
(producing a wave like motion from bottom to top)
-air rushed though the glottis creating negative pressure between the folds
-the decrease in pressure closes the vocal folds
-with the vocal folds close, the pressure builds up again starting the cycle over
(pg.42)
each puff of air that is emitted as vocal folds blow apart is known as..
glottal pulse (pg.42)
what determines a persons fundamental frequency?
glottal pules rate (pg.42)
the bernoulli principle
- as air rushes through the glottis, pressure decreases
- look in KJ’s explanation of the bernoulli principle
(pg. 42)
what are the 4 primary muscles of mastication?
- masseter muscles
- temporal muscles
- medial pterygoid muscle
- lateral pterygoid muslces
(pg. 42)
the muscles of mastication are responsible for….
vertical and lateral motion of the jaw
movement of the mandible is critical to the _______ stage of swallowing and for speaking
-oral preparatory stage (pg.42)
the muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular division of the _________ nerve
-trigeminal (pg.42)
why is the TMJ important for speech?
-it is important for speech, chewing, and swallowing and is susceptible to dysfunction or dislocation (pg.43)
where does the blood supply of the tongue come from?
-the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery (pg.43)
All of the muscles of the tongue receive innervation from the CN_____
XII, the hypoglossal nerve
what is the only muscles of the tongue not innervated by the CN XII?
the palatoglossus (pg.43)
what is the palatoglossus muscle innervated by?
the CN IX and CN X (pg.43)
what are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- superior longitudinal muscle
- inferior longitudinal muscle
- transvers muscles
- vertical muscles
(pg. 43)
when contracted, what muscle of the tongue shortens the tongue or elevates the tongue tip and/or sides of the tongue?
superior longitudinal muscles (pg.43)
when contracted, what muscle of the tongue shortens the tongue or causes the apex of the tongue to curl down ?
inferior longitudinal muscle (pg.43)
contraction of what tongue muscle narrows and elongates the tongue
transvers muscles (pg.43)
contraction of what tongue muscle flattens the tongue?
vertical muscles (pg.43)
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- genioglossus
- hyoslossus
- styloglossus
- palatoglossus
(pg. 44)
contraction of what tongue muscle protrudes the tongue and produces side-to-side movement?
genioglossus (pg.44)
contraction of what tongue muscle pulls the tongue edges down and helps shorten the tongue?
hyoglossus (pg.44)
contraction of what tongue muscle shortens the tongue and curls the edges up, helping to create a narrow trough in the tongue center through which a bolus can cohesively move during deglutition?
styloglossus (pg.44)
contraction of what tongue muscle lowers the soft palate or elevates the posterior tongue?
palatoglossus (pg.44)
contraction of the palatoglossus is essential for _____ in order to constrict the isthmus of faces ( a constricted space that connects the mouth and the pharynx)
swallowing (pg.44)
what muscle of the face contributes to opening and closing the lips?
obicularis oris (pg.45)
what muscle of the face when contracted pulls the check against the teeth?
buccinator
(pg.46)
(I think dr.biel or KJ has a better description of this muscle)
contraction of what face muscle retreats the angle of the mouth?
risorius (pg.45)
what muscles contribute to there raising or lowering of the lips?
- levator labii superioris
- zygomatic major
- depressor rabbi inferiors
(pg. 45)
what facial muscle is known as the pouting muscle
mentialis (pg.45)
what facial muscles draw the corners of the mouth up and down and can also draw the lips together?
paired levator anguli oris and depressor oris (pg.45)
what are the 3 major systems that contribute to speech production?
- respiratory system
- laryngeal system
- supralaryngeal system
(pg. 45)
what system provides the driving force behind voice production and other articulated sounds of speech?
respiratory system (pg.45)
what system acts as a valve for airway protection?
the laryngeal system (pg.45)
what system comprises of articulators and cavities that filter and shape phonation and glottal aspiration of sounds
the supra laryngeal system (pg.45)
what are the 3 major cavities of the supra laryngeal system?
- pharyngeal cavity
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
(pg. 45)
the 3 cavities of the supra laryngeal cavity act as ______ that amplify and dampen frequencies that radiate through them
resonating tubes (pg.46)
in order to articulate consonants and vowels, fine motor movements are made with the ____, _____, _____, and _____ to further share sound as it resonates through the supralaryngeal cavities
lips, tongue, mandible, glottis (pg.46)
_____ articulators approach or make contact with structures such as the upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx which remain fixed during speech and are considered _____ articulators
active; passive (pg.46)
