Anatomy

Question 1

What is the elbow also known as?

Answer 1

Cubital fossa

Question 2

What is the knee also known as?

Answer 2

Popliteal fossa

Question 3

What lies below the dermis layer of the skin?

What is it mainly composed of?

What can be found within it?

Answer 3

Superficial fascia/subcutaneous tissue

Loose connective tissue and fat

Superfical blood vessels (most important)
Lymphatics
Sweat glands

Question 4

What is the name of the dense connective tissue which appears white and glistening on dissection?

What is its role?

Answer 4

Deep fascia

Divide limbs into compartments

Question 5

Look at onenote and name the deep fascia in the upper limbs

Answer 5

Pectoral
Deltoid
Brachial
Antebrachial

Question 6

Look at onenote and name the deep fascia in the lower limbs

Answer 6

Fascia lata
Iliotibial tract
Crural fascia

Question 7

What is the intramuscular septa found in limbs?

What is it’s clincally importance?

Answer 7

Thickened sheet of Deep fascia which has invested (extends internally to surround deep structures) muscles

Form fascial compartments within the limbs

Help contain spread of tumours
Spread so tightly around the muscles -> prevent overcontraction -> act as muscle pump for venous return

Question 8

Describe the pathway of arterial supply of upper limb

Answer 8

Subclavian

Axillary

Brachial -> deep brachial

(brachial bifurcates into..)

Radial

Ulna

Deep and superficial palmar arches

Metacarpal and digital arteries (4 digital per digit)

Question 9

Describe the pathway of arterial supply of lower limb

Answer 9

External iliac artery

Femoral artery -> deep femoral artery -> perforators

Popliteal artery

(politeal artery bifuractes into)

Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery

Dorsalis pedis artery (direct from anterior tibial artery)

Medial and lateral plantar arerties (branches of posterior tibial arteries)

Arcuate artery and deep plantar arch

Metatarsal and digital arteries (end arteries - NO collateral blood supply)

Question 10

How do superficial veins drain into deep veins?

Answer 10

Pierce the deep fascia

Question 11

Where are deep veins found?

Answer 11

Deep to the deep fascia

Question 12

Veins are always found in the same pattern. True or false?

Answer 12

False

Superficial in paticular are v unique and can be used to identify individuals

(deep follow more of the same pattern)

Question 13

Name the 2 main superficial veins in the upper limb, where are they found?

Where do they arise?

Where do you they drain into to?

Answer 13

Cephalic vein -
lateral aspect of limb
- axiallary vein

Basillic vein

• medial aspect of limb
• brachial vein

Both arise from dorsal venous NETWORK

Question 14

Where is the connection between the cephalic and basilic vein made?

What is it called?

What is its clinical significance?

Answer 14

Cubital fossa

Median cubital vein

Venipuncture

20% of people don’t have median cubital vein if they have a median vein of forearm as it then goes on to bifurcate into cephalic and basilic

Question 15

How can the superficial vein variate in the cubital fossa?

Answer 15

Median basilic vein
Median cephalic vein

~20% median vein of forearm

Question 16

What are the 2 main superficial veins in the lower limb?

Where do they arise from?

Where do they drain into?

Answer 16

Great saphenous vein
- drains into femoral vein via femoral triangle (just distal to inguinal ligament)
- medial aspect of limb
Medial leg , anterior to medial malleolus
four fingers medial to medial aspect of patella

Small saphenous vein

• posterior midline of leg
• drains into popliteal vein

Both arise from dorsal venous ARCH

Question 17

Name the upper limb deep veins from most distal to most proximal

Answer 17

Superfical and deep palmar venous arches

Ulnar and radial veins

Brachial vein

Axiallary vein

Subclavian

Internal jugular

Brachiocephalic vein

SVC

Question 18

Name the deep veins of the lower limb from most distal to most proximal

Answer 18

Plantar arch

Posterior and anterior tibial vein and fibular vein

Popliteal vein

Deep femoral and femoral vein

External iliac vein

Common iliac vein

IVC

Question 19

What are the veins found between superficial and deep veins?

Do they contain valves?

Answer 19

Perforating veins

Yes

Question 20

What causes varicose veins?

Answer 20

Incompetent valves allow for reverse flow into superficial veins

Become weak and dilated = varicose veins

Question 21

What are accompanying veins?

How do they aid venous return?

Answer 21

Veins found around a deep artery

Veins use the pulsation of the artery to increase venous return

Question 22

Lymphatic drainage generally follows arteries or veins?

Answer 22

Veins

Question 23

Where does superficial lymph following cephalic and basilic veins drain into?

Where do the deep veins of upper limb drain to?

Answer 23

Cephalic -> apical axillary nodes

Basilic -> cubital -> lateral axillary nodes

Lateral axillary nodes

Question 24

Where do axillary lymph nodes drain to?

Answer 24

Subclavian lymphatics

Question 25

Where do superficial lymphatics in lower limb drain to?

Answer 25

Great saphenous -> deep inguinal

Small saphenous vein -> popliteal

Question 26

What can venous insufficiency become?

What causes both?

Answer 26

Deep venous stasis -> thrombosis/ebolism

Superficial microcirculatory deficences (poor blood supply) -> skin break down -> skin ulceration

Question 27

Where is the most common site of venous ulceration?

Where is the most common site of arterial ulceration?

Answer 27

Gator area - medial area of distal leg

Foot

Question 28

What is a saddle embolus?

Answer 28

Emboli blocking pulmonary trunk

Complete occlusion arrests circulation

Question 29

What artery is found in the dectopectorial groove?

Answer 29

Cephalic artery