Anatomical Terms and Biomechanics Flashcards
Anterior (ventral)
On the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
On the back of the body
Superior
Above, toward the upper part of body
Inferior
Below, toward the lower part of the body
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin from center of body
Distal
Furthest from the point of origin from center of body
Medial
Towards the middle of the body
Lateral
Away from the middle of the body
Bilateral
Both sides of the body
Peripheral
Toward the extremities
Unilateral
One side of the body
Superficial
Toward outer surface
Deep muscle
Towards the inner body
Abduction
Movement away from the body or body’s midline
Adduction
Movement toward the body or body’s midline
Flexion
Bending of a joint that decreases the angle (elbow bending)
Extension
Straightening of a joint that increase the angle (straightening of the elbow)
Circumduction
Motion of circular movement; rotating the foot around the ankle (uses abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension); arm circles
Internal Rotation
Movement of body part about its axis turning inward or toward the body
External Rotation
Movement of body part turning outward or away from the body
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part
Retraction
Posterior movement of body part
Hypoextension
Less than normal, under-extended, cannot extend the knee because of a tight hamstring
Hyperextension
Beyond normal limits, over extended, bending a body part “backwards”
Gliding
Movement of non-angular joints over each other
Deviation
Departure from the midline
Pronation
Palm turning downward into a posterior position when the arm is down at one’s side
Supination
Palm turning upward into anterior position when arm is down at the side; outward roll of the foot
Inversion
Turning both feet inward (soles face each other)
Eversion
Turning both feet outward (soles face away from each other)
Dorsiflexion
Ankle; pointing foot up toward shin
Plantar flexion
Ankle; point foot downward (tiptoes)
Proximal to the wrist
Elbow
Distal to the hip
Ankle
Isometric Contraction
Load on muscle is greater than the tension; no movement taking place
Isokinetic Contraction
Muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed; Quickest method for increasing muscle strength
Isotonic Contraction
Simple contraction; Successfully pushing or pulling a load/object
Concentric Contraction
Causes the muscle to decrease/shorten in length; active and voluntary action resulting in movement
Eccentric Contraction
Causes the muscle to increase/lengthen, controlled resistance is returned to the starting position
Sagittal Plane (vertical)
Divides right and left sides; flexion/extension
Frontal Plane (coronal or lateral plane)
Divides the anterior and posterior; abduction or adduction
Transverse Plane (horizontal)
Divides the inferior and superior parts; Interal or external rotation
Ligamentous joints
Immovable; have no joint cavity and permit little to no movement
Cartilaginous joints
Slightly moveable; attached by cartilage (growth regions of immature children)
Synovial joints
Highly moveable; Cartilage is used to cushion the bone and decrease friction (ball and socket joint such as the shoulder)
Ligaments are _______ elastic than tendons and are _______ prone to tearing than tendons.
less; more
Agonists
Also known as prime movers; primarily resposible for the movement
Synergists
Also known as neutralizers; provide for assistance of the prime mover
Biceps
Antagonist to triceps
Quadratus Lumborum
Attaches at the 12th rib; stabilizes the lumbar spine in all planes of motion
Internal and external obliques
Rotate the trunk
Flexion
Main function of the rectus abdominis
Parts of the hamstring muscle
Biceps femoris, semiteninosus, semimembranosus
Gluteus Maximus
Extends the hip
Muscles that make up the quadriceps
Rectus femoris, vasuts lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Compound movement
Exercises that use more than one joint
Simple movement
Exercises that isolate only one joint
