Anatomical division of the brain

Question 1

Neural space - neural axis

Answer 1

Neural axis follows the spinal cord
Rostral (anterior): towards the beak
Casual (posterior): towards the tail
Dorsal (superior): towards the back
Ventral (inferior): towards the belly

Question 2

neural space - plane

Answer 2

Lateral: towards the side
medial : towards the midline
Ipsilateral: on the same side
Contralateral: on the opposite side of midline

Question 3

corpus callosum

Answer 3

Consists of large dense bundle of axons that connect two hemispheres
Green and blue represent contralateral connections
Homotopic connects complementary region of other hemisphere heterotropic ipsilateral is on the same side

Question 4

List the sub division of the brain

Answer 4

Forebrain
1. telencephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
2. delecephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

Midbrain
1. mesencephalon - tectum/tagmenthum

Hindbrain
1. metaercephalon
- cerebellum
- pons
2. myelencephalon
- medula oblongena

Question 5

Cerebral cortex

Answer 5

largest structure of human brain
Divided into two cerebral hemisphere - left and right
Inner white matter contains a high proportion of axon fibres with mylein (fat) causing is to be paler - connecting part
Inner white matter is pale because it has a high proportion of axon fibres converted in fatty myelin later - connecting part
Outer grey matter where the neurons synapse and connect together - less fat

Question 6

basal ganglia

Answer 6

Nuclei of the basal ganglia are responsible for controlling involuntary movement specifically highly automatised or involuntary aspects
The basal ganglia are dysfunctional in patients with parkinsons disease which leads to weakness tremors, lim rigidity, poor balance and difficulty initialing movement

Question 7

Limbic system

Answer 7

involved in our behavioural and emotional responses,
emotion circuit

Question 8

Hyptothalamus:

Answer 8

control autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
Regulates survival behaviours

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

major relay station for sensory inputs to cerebral cortex - part of grey matter
Divided into several nuclei
near center of the brain

Question 10

mesencephalon

Answer 10

Located within the brainstem
Topmost region of the brainstem and sits directly above the hindbrain
Connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain
Plays an important role in motor movement particularly movements of the eye and in the auditory and visual processing

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

receives information from the visual auditory, somatosensory and vestibular system helps coordination of movement.
Damage causes problems with walking and leafs to jerky poorly coordinated movements and problems maintaining balance

Question 12

pons

Answer 12

Lies on the ventral surface of the brainstem
Contains several nuclei important in regulating sleep and arousal
Also relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Question 13

medulla oblongata

Answer 13

links the hindbrain to the spinal cord and contain neurons important for autonomic functions life respiration and heart rate

Question 14

Primary visual cortex

Answer 14

Occupies medial and lateral parts of the occipital cortex/lobe at the ack/posterior of the brain
Receives sensory information from the retina
The left and right visual field are each projected to the contralateral hemisphere
Light stimulus from the external environment from both visual field stimulate the corresponding area of the retina within each eye
Divided into the visual field
Different regions of the retina are represented by different areas within the primary visual cortex
Areas further out in the peripheral vision are processed by areas of the visual corte that extend into the calcarine fissure

Question 15

Parietal lobe

Answer 15

attention and spacial awareness
Sits on the dorsal surface of the cortex and is referred to as part of the dorsal stream and where the pathway maned for its rle in spacial localisation

Question 16

Temporal lobe

Answer 16

Important in auditory processing
Complex visual processing
Sits on the ventral surface of the cortex and is part of the ventral stream and the what pathway name for it role in complex object recognition

Question 17

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 17

Occupies the superior part of the temporal cortex as well as a patch of cortex that is buried within the sylvian fissure
Receives auditory sensory information from the cochlea
Sounds of different frequencies are represented by different areas within the primary auditory cortex forming a tonotopic map

Question 18

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 18

Bigger cortex = more sensitive
Located immediately posterior to the central sulcus (large grove between the frontal and parietal lobe
Receives sensory information from the skin
Different regions of skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex, forming a somatotopic map

Question 19

Primary motor cortex

Answer 19

Located in the precentral gyrus immediately anterior to central sulcus
Different parts of primary motor cortex send signals that control different groups of voluntary muscles
Like the primary sensory cortices, the primary motor cortex controls muscles on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body

Question 20

Frontal lobe

Answer 20

Human is different from other animals by being larger than non-primates and having a higher level of connectivity with the rest of the brain
Higher order functions: voluntary controlled behaviour, impulse control and emotional regualtion, abstract reasoning and planning, social cognition, language