Anatomic Basis of Clinical Testing Pt. 1 (9/3a)

Question 1

How we understand patient anatomy

Answer 1

Observing, palpatings, imaging, clinical tests (EX: PT kits)

Question 2

Studying Anatomy (Anatomy Approaches)

Answer 2

Regional approach
Systemic approach
Clinical anatomy

Question 3

Regional approach (Anatomy Approaches)

Answer 3

Head, Neck, Trunk (abdomen, thorax, pelvis/perineum, back), Upper limbs, Lower Limbs

Regions further subdivided

We will do this each unit

Question 4

Systemic approach (Anatomy Approaches)

Answer 4

Cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary

1 I, 2 S, 3 A, 4 M, 5 N, 6 C, 7 D, 8 R, 9 U, 10 G, 11 E

No systems function in isolation

Question 5

Clinical anatomy (Anatomy Approaches)

Answer 5

Stresses clinical application

Consider how the systems interrelate

EX: Ulnar nerve at the elbow - Instead of “the nerve innervates…..” ask “numbness in this location indicates what nerve?”

Question 6

3 main planes of the body

Answer 6

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Question 7

Relationships in plane movement

Answer 7

Superior/Inferior
Proximal/Distal
Anterior/Posterior
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/Deep
Dorsal/Ventral

Question 8

Motions related to anatomic neutral

Answer 8

Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation
Supination/Pronation

Question 9

Major divisions of the nervous system

Answer 9

Central NS/Peripheral NS
Somatic/Autonomic
Afferent/Efferent

Question 10

Functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 10

neuron

Question 11

Cell body (neuron)

Answer 11

cell’s life support center

Question 12

Dendrites (neuron)

Answer 12

receive messages from other cells

Question 13

Axon (neuron)

Answer 13

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Question 14

Neural impulse (neuron)

Answer 14

electrical signal traveling down the axon

Question 15

Myelin sheath (neuron)

Answer 15

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

Question 16

Terminal branches of axon (neuron)

Answer 16

form junctions with other cells

Question 17

Spinal cord segments

Answer 17

31 spinal cord segments:

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Question 18

Spinal nerves arise from rootlets into

Answer 18

Anterior (ventral) nerve root – efferent fibers

Posterior (dorsal) nerve root – afferent fibers

Question 19

Mixed nerves

Answer 19

“Sensory nerve” mostly sensory afferents some motor fibers

sweat and smooth muscle vessels

“motor nerve’ mostly motor some sensory: pain and proprioception info

Question 20

Dermatomes

Answer 20

provide surface sensory innervation

Segmental cutaneous (skin) innervations (afferent)

Question 21

Myotomes

Answer 21

provide muscle innervation

Segmental innervation of muscles (efferent)

Question 22

Axons from spinal nerves combine to ultimately form ___ ___

Answer 22

peripheral nerves

Question 23

Symptoms of nervous system impairment

Answer 23

Paresthesia

Diminished/lost sensation

Weakness (decreased innervation to muscle)

Pain

Movement dysfunction

Question 24

Paresthesia

Answer 24

sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin

Question 25

Causes of nervous system impairment

Answer 25

Too much pressure

Ischemia (blood loss)

Metabolic/chemical changes (EX: diabetic neuropathy)

Disease

Trauma

Question 26

Pattern recognition - Sensory

Answer 26

Spinal nerve distribution - dermatome

Peripheral nerve distribution - myotome

Spinal cord distribution (later)

Brachial plexus (trunk, cord) distribution (later)

Brain distribution (later)

Question 27

3 types of sensory testing

Answer 27

Superficial
Deep
Combined cortical

Question 28

Superficial Sensory Testing (exteroceptors)

Answer 28

Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure

Question 29

Deep Sensory Testing (proprioceptors)

Answer 29

Position sense, kinesthesia, vibration

Question 30

Combined Cortical Sensory Testing

Answer 30

Stereognosis, 2-pt. discrimination, graphesthesia, texture, barognosis