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FEO Promotional Exam 2022 > Anatmony & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatmony & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which plane separates the body into left and right halves

A

Sagittal plane

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2
Q

Which plane separates the body into front and back parts

A

Coronal (frontal) plane

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3
Q

Which plane divides the body into top and bottom halves

A

Transverse plane

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4
Q

Your body is divided into ____ that keep all your organs separated

A

Cavities/spaces

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5
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Cranial & vertebral cavities

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6
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities

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7
Q

Abdominal quadrants and ______

A

9 subregions
Right & left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right & left lumbar
Umbilical
Right & left iliac
Hypogastric

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8
Q

Chromo

A

Color

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9
Q

Xanth

A

Yellow

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10
Q

Oligo

A

Just a few

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11
Q

Poikilo

A

Irregular/varied

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12
Q

Otripsy

A

Crushing/destroying

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13
Q

Basic units of life

A

Cells

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14
Q

Internal cell structures

A

Organelles

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15
Q

Passage through membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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16
Q

One ion passes through a channel normally from high to low concentration, this draw another ion through the same channel I the opposite direction

A

Symport & Antiport

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17
Q

Diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

Using ATP energy from the cell to drive a pump that drags molecules across the membrane against concentration gradiant

A

Active transport

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19
Q

Common active transport pump

A

Sodium-potassoum ATPase pump (Na & K)=(sodium & potassium)

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20
Q

Major organelle in the body, double membrane, central processing unit

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Membrane structure near the nucleus in the cell, stacked series of membranes, makes proteins & lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

The cells post office, molecules enter, lebeled and collected in vesicles, sent out the other side

A

Golgi apparatus/body

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23
Q

Energy structure inside each cell, making ATP energy molecules

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Boundary cells

A

Epithelial (skin/membrane), flat

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25
Q

Basic structural tissue

A

Connective tissue

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26
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Adipose, cartilage, bone, blood (although it looks nothing like other connective tissues)

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27
Q

Moveable tissue that helps move body structures

A

Muscle tissues

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28
Q

Two types of Nervous tissue

A

Neurons, glial cells

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29
Q

Neurons

A

Pick up chemical signals from other cells

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30
Q

Glial cells

A

Make myelin sheath, protect nerves from damage

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31
Q

Inside pressure of the cell

A

Turgor pressure

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32
Q

A relative term that describes the water concentration between two compartments

A

Tonicity
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic

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33
Q

___ is your energy source for active transport

A

ATP

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34
Q

The metabolic processes that use ____ as a fork of energy convert it back to ____

A

ATP ADP

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35
Q

It’s what keeps a higher concentration of sodium outside the cell and a lower concentration of potassium inside the cell

A

Sodium-Potassium exchange pump

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36
Q

When the (Na/K) pump works the way it’s supposed to, each time it’s activated it sends ___ molecules Na outside the cell for every ___ molecules of K

A

3, 2

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37
Q

This (Na/K) pump causes the inside of the cell to have a greater ______ charge than the outside

A

Negative

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38
Q

Involves a molecules going in one direction only, through the use if a carrier protein

A

Uniport

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39
Q

Involves two molecules going through the carrier protein in the same direction as one another

A

Symport

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40
Q

Instead of drawing in another molecule along with it….draws another molecule against its concentration gradient in the opposite direction

A

Antiport

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41
Q

Building blocks of the cells

A

Nucleic acids

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42
Q

Two ways a cell might reproduce itself. The simple way is to make a copy of its genome…..this is called

A

Mitosis

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43
Q

_____ is a special type of cell division that decreases the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by one half

A

Meiosis

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44
Q

4 phases of Mitosis (after the initial phase it’s in all the time

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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45
Q

Think about the middle of your body and this will most likely be your

A

Axial skeleton

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46
Q

Your pelvis or pelvic girdle, the shoulder or shoulder girdle, and all the bones in your arms and legs are part of the

A

Appendicular skeleton

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47
Q

Main protective bones for your insides

A

Flat bones (skull, sternum, pelvic

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48
Q

The [bones] that help you most with regard to the movement or your arms and legs

A

Long bones (humerus, femur, digits)

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49
Q

Shaped like a cube [bones]

A

Short bones (ankle, wrist)

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50
Q

Bones shaped according to their unique functions

A

Irregular bones (vertebrae, ilium, ischium, pubis)

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51
Q

Small and generally spherical bones…so many of these that they aren’t always counted towards the total bones you have)

A

Sesamoid bones (patella)

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52
Q

Cells that build bone

A

Osteoblasts

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53
Q

Cells that break down bone

A

Osteaclasts

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54
Q

Immature cells that haven’t declared themselves to be of any particular type

A

Stem cells

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55
Q

In children, a lot of the main ossifocation happens in the ____ of the long bones, which are near the _____

A

Epiohysis, ends

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56
Q

These joints move very little and are really more designed to cement two or more bones together

A

Fibrous

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57
Q

Broad classifications of joints

A

Fibrous, cartolaginous, synovial

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58
Q

The study of anatomy

A

Study of names

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59
Q

Axial region includes everything but what

A

Arms and legs

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60
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Under the tongue

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61
Q

Any ology

A

The study of

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62
Q

Levo-
Sinister-

A

Left

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63
Q

Dextro-

A

Right

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64
Q

The anatomy of your cells, tissues and organs are like the

A

Car parts under your cars hood

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65
Q

Single celled structure

A

Zygote

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66
Q

DNA has how many chromosomes

A

46

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67
Q

Watery stuff inside cell

A

Cytosol or cytoplasm

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68
Q

The Golgi apparatus

A

The cells post office

69
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cells power plant

70
Q

Mitochondria are

A

Like pistons in ur cars engine

71
Q

Lysosomes are like

A

incinerators

72
Q

4 types of body tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

73
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water

74
Q

Gradient

A

Difference

75
Q

Cell in hypertonic solution

A

Water rushes out

76
Q

Cell in isotonic solution

A

Water comes and goes equally

77
Q

Cell in hypotonic solution

A

Water rushes into cell causing it to burst

78
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure of an enclosed space

79
Q

Sodium potassium pump how many molecules of each are transported at a time

A

3 sodium
2 potassium

80
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

81
Q

Mitosis is cool because

A

You can see it happen under the microscope

82
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

83
Q

How many bones as an adult? How many when your born?

A

Adult 206
Born almost 300

84
Q

At what age do you start losing bone mass

A

20

85
Q

Axial skeleton is

A

The major studs of your house

86
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The outside walls of your house

87
Q

5 main bones shapes

A

Flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid

88
Q

Deepest, innermost part of a bone where blood is made

A

Medullary cavity

89
Q

Rib cage has how many bones

A

12 sets so 24
Plus the sternum so 25

90
Q

Spinal column has how many bones

A

33

91
Q

Appendicular skeleton has how many bones

A

126

92
Q

Synovial joints are

A

The work horse joints

93
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Have the greatest degree of movement

94
Q

In muscle tissue how many fibers make up one fascicle

A

150

95
Q

How do muscles attach to bones

A

Through tendons

96
Q

How does two bones connect to one another

A

Using ligaments

97
Q

How many muscles in the body

A

More than 650

98
Q

Longest muscle

A

Sartorius

99
Q

Top of the heart is called

A

The base

100
Q

Bottom of the heart is called

A

Apex

101
Q

Size of the heart

A

250-350 grams
5” in length
3.5” width
2.5” thick

102
Q

Heart pumps how much blood per minute

A

5 liters

103
Q

Length of capillaries, veins and arteries combined

A

96,000 km or about 4 times around the earth

104
Q

The heart is similar to a

A

Shipping center

105
Q

Blood cells have a life span of

A

120 days before being destroyed by the spleen and liver

106
Q

Platelets have a life span of

A

10 days

107
Q

In the pharynx Where does food get stuck most often

A

Piriform recess

108
Q

Lungs contain how many miles of airways

A

1,500

109
Q

How many alveoli in both lungs? How much surface area

A

700 million and a surface area of 70 sq meters

110
Q

Respiration means

A

Exchange of gases

111
Q

Ventilation is

A

Breathing, the entire process of drawing air in and out of the lungs

112
Q

Total lung capacity

A

6 liters

113
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses how much faster then oxygen

A

20 times

114
Q

Another term for digestive tract

A

Alimentary canal

115
Q

Peristalsis

A

Think of what you do when you squeeze toothpaste, how the GI Tract moves food

116
Q

How long is the “small part” of the alimentary canal. (Small intestine)

A

22-25 feet

117
Q

Ileum is responsible mainly for absorbing

A

Vitamin B12 and bile salt

118
Q

Large intestine is how long

A

5 ft

119
Q

How many lobes in the liver

A

4, left, right, quadrate, caudate

120
Q

Main stomach enzyme

A

Pepsin

121
Q

Hunger hormone made by liver and stomach

A

Ghrelin… think, “makes you hungry like a gremlin”

122
Q

Body of a neuron

A

Soma

123
Q

Glue of the nervous system

A

Glial cells

124
Q

What makes up the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

125
Q

Where does major thought process happen

A

Cerebral cortex

126
Q

Frontal lobe controls

A

Planned movement

127
Q

Temporal lobe controls

A

Emotional, wernickes area, language

128
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex, sensory

129
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex

130
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

Body temp, appetite

131
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memories

132
Q

Amygdala controls

A

Fear

133
Q

Cerebellum means

A

Little brain

134
Q

How many spinal nerves

A

31

135
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic nervous system

136
Q

Enteric nervous system controls

A

GI tract

137
Q

4 types of mechanoreceptors for the skin

A

Meissner, Pacinian, Ruffini corpuscles
Merkels Discs

138
Q

Nociceptors

A

Nerve endings that detect pain

139
Q

Rods and cones are

A

Rod’s sensitive to light
Cones detecting color

140
Q

all different tastes sensations be felt all over the tongue

A

True

141
Q

How many taste buds on the surface of the tongue

A

4,000, each one has up to 100 taste cells

142
Q

Hormones are like

A

Emails that a company sends

143
Q

Oxytocin is the

A

The love hormone

144
Q

Which gland is the most responsible for the entirety of your cellular metabolism

A

Thyroid

145
Q

Insulin is made where

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

146
Q

Pineal gland main job

A

Produce melatonin

147
Q

Mantra of anatomy and physiology

A

Coordination is everything

148
Q

In the immune system you have how many different immune systems

A

2

149
Q

The innate immune system…

A

Works first, slogan is “shoot first ask questions later”

150
Q

Adaptive immune system is

A

The sniper team of the immune system

151
Q

The main organ of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, makes all the main immune cells

152
Q

Spleen is

A

Large lymph node that filters blood

153
Q

IgM antibodies

A

First to be made in the immune response

154
Q

IgG antibodies are

A

The most common type of antibody

155
Q

Beside filtering blood and making urine what else to kidneys play a big role in

A

Maintaining blood pressure

156
Q

Kidneys main job is too

A

Remove a molecule called urea, which is a breakdown product of protein metabolism

157
Q

Inside lining of the uterus is called

A

Endometrium

158
Q

External female genitalia

A

Vulva

159
Q

Ovaries are the size and shape of

A

Almonds

160
Q

Sperm cells swim by means of

A

Chemotaxis

161
Q

Where do sperm cells mature and gain motility

A

Epididymis

162
Q

Skin system is called

A

Integumentary system

163
Q

Your nervous system is a lot like a

A

Robocall telephone system

164
Q

Bronchi that are the smaller city streets

A

Tertiary bronchi

165
Q

Area between your teeth and cheeks

A

Vestibule

166
Q

Your nervous system is like a

A

Large corporation

167
Q

Parathyroid hormone is important in balancing what

A

Calcium levels

168
Q

Anatomical weak points in the body

A

Neck
lower back
Heart
Brain

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