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NURS 251 (Pharmacology 1) > Analgesics Part 1 > Flashcards

Analgesics Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of Nociception

A

Transduction, Transmission, Perception of pain, Modulation

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2
Q

Definition of Pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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3
Q

Pain Threshold

A

Level of stimulus needed to produce a perception of pain. (Measure of the physiological response of the nervous system)

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4
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

Amount of pain a person can endure without it interfering with normal function.

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5
Q

Pain tolerance is always:

A

Subjective and Patient-specific

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6
Q

What are the 2 classifications of pain?

A

Acute and Chronic

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7
Q

What is acute pain

A

Sudden onset that is limited (It can end)

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8
Q

What is Chronic pain?

A

Persistent or recurring; 3 - 6 months.

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9
Q

What are the other types of pain?

A

Referred, Neuropathic, Phantom, Cancer, Central and Vascular

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10
Q

What is Transduction

A

Transformation of stimuli into electrochemical energy

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11
Q

What is the point of spinal cord entry?

A

Dorsal horn

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12
Q

What pain-mediating chemicals are released during transduction?

A

Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandins, Potassium, Serotonin, Substance P

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13
Q

What happens if no impulses are transmitted to the brain?

A

There is no pain perception

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14
Q

What are the two types of nociceptor fibers?

A

Small C fibres
Large A-delta fibres

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15
Q

The larger number of mu receptors :

A

The less the pain is perceived

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16
Q

What is Modulation

A

Neural Activity that controls pain transmission to neurons

17
Q

What are the ways to treat pain in special situations?

A

Patient-controlled analgesia(PCA)
Patient comfort vs fear of drug addiction
Opioid tolerance
Use of placebos
Recognizing opioid tolerant patients, Breakthrough pain
Synergistic effects

18
Q

What are Adjuvant drugs

A

Drugs from chemical categories other than opioids

19
Q

What is the purpose of adjuvant drugs

A

Assisting primary drugs in relieving pain

20
Q

What are some examples of adjuvant drugs?

A

NSAIDs
Antidepressants (Amitriptyline)
Anticonvulsants (Gabapentin)
Corticosteroids

21
Q

Describe the WHO Analgesic Ladder

A

1: Nonopioids with or without adjuvant meds.
2: Opioids with or without nonopioids and with or without adjuvants
3: Opioids for more severe pain with or without nonopioids or adjuvant medications

22
Q

What are opioids

A

Synthetic Drugs that bind to opiate receptors to relieve pain

23
Q

What is the Opioid ceiling effect?

A

When it reaches its maximum analgesic effect

24
Q

What are the 3 classifications of opioids

A

Agonists
Agonists-antagonists
Antagonists

25
Q

What is another name for agonists-antagonists?

A

Partial or weak agonists

26
Q

What is another name for antagonists?

A

Competitive antagonists

27
Q

What are the 3 types of opioid receptors

A

Mu, Kappa, Delta

28
Q

What are equianalgesia

A

The ability to provide equivalent pain relief by calculating dosages of different drugs or routes of admin that provide comparable analgesia

29
Q

What are the indications for opioids

A

Moderate to severe pain
Often given with adjuvants to assist primary drugs with pain relief
Cough Centre suppression (codeine)
Treatment of diarrhea

30
Q

What are the contraindications for opioids?

A

Allergies, severe asthma

31
Q

In what cases do you exercise extreme caution when giving opioids

A

Respiratory insufficiency
Elevated intracranial pressure
Morbid obesity or sleep apnea
Paralytic ileus
Pregnancy

32
Q

What are the adverse effects of opioids?

A

CNS and respiratory depression
Constipation
Urinary retention
Hypotension
Itching
rash
Constricted pupils indicating possible OD.

NURS 251 (Pharmacology 1) (20 decks)

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