American History Midterm Flashcards
what were the two theories called on how the first people migrated to the Americas?
Bering land bridge and Coastal routes theory
what were the most important crops to Native Americans?
corns, beans, and squash
list the name of the 3 most successful West African kingdoms between 800-1500
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
which religion spread throughout parts of Africa after 700?
Islam
what was the name of the crime when someone denied or doubted Christian faith and doctrine?
heresy
what did the Columbian Exchange bring to Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas
new diseases, weapons, plants, and animals
who was the first explorer to circumnavigate the world?
Ferdinand Magellan
why was the colony of Maryland established?
colonial refuge for Catholics who were discriminated against in England by Protestant majority
what were the main beliefs of the Puritans?
you could develop a personal relationship with God, and reach heaven regardless of your wealth if you just believed in God.
describe what the Mayflower Compact accomplished
an agreed upon government where the people would obey its laws/ self government.
how did the English view the Native Americans?
lazy savages
what were the 4 Middle Colonies?
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
what 3 continents took part in the triangular trade?
Europe, Africa, and Asia
what were the Navigation Acts?
series of trade laws that restricted colonial trade to England and decreased dependence on foreign imported goods.
what was the French and Indian War known to the Europeans?
7 years war
list the two main causes of the French and Indian War.
land and control of trade
what were the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
Britian gains all land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, France gives Louisiana to Spain, France keeps Haiti and a couple of islands Gulf of St. Lawrence, ended the French and Indian War.
define virtual representation
the political concept that elected members of a representative body do not represent individuals or a geographic region but represent the entire country or empire.
which act required colonists to pay taxes on almost all printed materials.
Stamp Act
what were the Townshend Acts?
placed new import duties on everyday items such as gloss, lead, paint, paper, and tea
in an attempt to avoid war, what document did the colonists present to King George III?
Olive Branch Petition
which 2 battles started the American Revolutionary War?
battle of Lexington and Concord/
what form of government did the colonies propose in their new nation?
Republican model.
what 2 houses makeup a bicameral legislature in Congress?
Senate and House of Representatives
Define a unicameral legislature.
single/one house
what was the original constitution from the union of states called?
Articles of Confederation
under the Articles of Confederation, what powers did Congress have?
create and enforce laws, declare war, and regulate foreign affairs, and relationship w/ Native Americans (Congress could not regulate trade)
what did the Land Ordinance of 1785 accomplish?
created a system of buying and distributing public lands that were divided into towns
which party would supporters of the Articles of Confederation most likely be apart of?
Anti-Federalists
state the 2 proposals made at the Constitutional Convention
The New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan
describe New Jersey Plan and whether or not it was supported by large or small states
N.J plan - unicameral legislature w/ states as equal, an executive and not a president and state remain sovereign (liked by small states)
what does federalism mean?
power divided between the state and federal government. States could no longer issue their own money and enact certain laws
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why is the Bill of Rights important?
it is the first 10 amendments and protected individual liberties, limited government, and law
how many states were needed for the Constitution to pass?
9 out of 13 states
what consitutional principle states that all government power comes from the people?
popular sovereignty
who were the leaders of the Federlaists?
Hamilton, Jay, and Adams
how did the Jefferson administration reduce the federal debt.
Made major cuts to the army and navy and reduced the size of the government
which power did Chief Justice John Marshall establish for the Supreme Court?
Judicial review
what country sold the United States the 1803 Louisiana Purchase?
France
Describe the main causes of the War of 1812
The British limited trade with America and impressment: the Royal Navy taking seamen from merchant vessels to fill out crews of its own chronically undermanned warships. (british impressment)
what major invention allowed for efficient water transportation that linked farms to expanding cities?
canals
what was the first major industry to industrialize in England and later in the U.S
the Textile Industry
why were labor unions formed?
to ensure fair wages, benefits, and better/safer working conditions for their workers, reduce hours in the work weeks.
what machine did Eli Whitney invent, and what did it do?
The cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.
Court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) gave Congress the authority to do what?
The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank
Define the terms of the Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free-state at the same time.
what does nullification mean?
cancel or void laws that the states found were unconstitutional
what was Manifest Destiny?
the idea that Americans were to settle the entire continent of North America
who was president of the United States during the Mexican American War?
James (Knox) Polk
what motivated Americans to participate in the California Gold Rush?
they wanted to get rich
decribe what took place during the Second Great Awakening.
Marked by a wave of enthusiastic religious revivals, the Second Great Awakening set the stage for equally enthusiastic social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance. choose to reject sin and instead to live morally up- standing lives.
the effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it was called …
temperance movment
define abolitionism
some who makes efforts or wants to end slavery
what is it called when inheritance of family names and properties are passed down through the female line?
matrilineality
who published the widely read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator?
William Lloyd Garrison
Which amendment granted women the right to vote?
19th amendment
what was the Fugitive Slave Act?
a law that allowed for capture and return of runaway slaves; all runaways were to be returned.
describe how the Supreme Court rules on the Dred Scott case.
that slaves were not people and were considered objects therefore they can’t attest in court.
what advantages did the north have compared to the South in the Civil War?
the north had larger population than the south, better military and was more familiar w/ the land.
list the terms of the Compromise of 1850
made California a free state, permitted popular sovereignty in new territories and passed a new fugitive slave act that required private citizens to catch runaways
following the Civil war, what was the period called to rebuild the South and Keep the country united as a whole?
reconstruction
what was one of the most important issues the nation faced during Reconstruction?
the south was divided into 5 sections and the KKK began making targeted attacks against African Americans and other non-white communities
why was President Andrew Johnson impeached?
he fired the workers without the approval of the counsel
what was an immediate goal of the KKK
to scare away the african americans from voting
why was the outcome of the election of 1876 so controversial?
one of the presidents won by one electoral vote.
Which amendment gave African American’s citizenship?
14th amendment
which amendment gave African American’s citizenship?
14th amendment
