AM & PM SDL Flashcards
What does it mean if an animal is slaughtered with Kosher and Halal methods?
With both methods animals are not stunned
Kosher: Shechita method performed by a Jew with a license to perform shechita from the Rabbinical Commission for the Licensing of Shochetim
Halal: performed by a Muslim, animals bled out using sharp handheld knife, both carotid arteries and jugular veins severed
Why is it possible for slaughtering methods without using pre-stunning to be performed in the UK?
It’s only allowed if the slaughter is in accordance with religious rites. To meet the requirements it must:
- Take place in an abattoir approved by the food standards agency (FSA)
- Be done by someone who has a certificate of competence
- Be done in a way that follows Jewish or Islamic religious practice
- Meat must be intended for consumption by Jewish or muslim people
Where can slaughtering without stunning be performed in the UK?
Slaughterhouse/abattoir approved by the food standards agency (FSA)
What are the infrastructure requirements in a slaughterhouse to be licensed to slaughtered animals without prior stunning?
- Knife must be undamaged, large and sharp
- Stunning equipment must be kept as back up equipment (sheep, goat and cattle)
- Animal must be restrained upright in an approved restraining pen from FSA
- Animal should be placed in pen or restrained immediately before slaughter
- Only 1 animal per pen
- Animal must not be moved until unconscious
- Check for signs of life before animal is dressed or scalded, if alive animal must be stunned and killed
In a slaughterhouse where you work, 150 pigs have arrived. During ante mortem inspection, you notice that some are severely tail bitten. Some of the affected pigs are also lame.
As the OV, what actions would you take in the slaughterhouse?
Veterinary professionals must liaise with local authority/trading standards & Animal & Plant Health Agency in cases of welfare issues pre-abattoir
Would pigs with tail biting injuries be suitable for human consumption?
If no tail is left and there is open wound & evidence of swelling/abscessation around base of tail the pig should not be presented for slaughter & should be destroyed humanely
If previously bitten tail has healed and left no open wound/swelling it can be sent for slaughter with a food chain information declaration
as an OV what advice would you give to a pig farmer to reduce the incidence of tail biting
Supply freely available feed & water (deprived pigs often start biting)
Thermal comfort (draughts, temperature variation, chilling, over-heating)
Appropriate diet
Stocking density (avoid over and under crowding)
Disease
Provide chewable toys (e.g. chains, pipes, rubber tools, wood)
What are the legal requirements regarding ear tagging in cattle?
Beef: primary & secondary tags fitted before calf is 21 days old
Dairy: primary tag fitted before calf is 36 hours old and secondary tag before calf is 21 days old
After identifying an animal missing an ear tag at slaughterhouse level, which steps should follow?
If one ear tag is missing, the slaughterhouse operator under authority of a license granted by appropriate minister may slaughter the animal for human consumption
If both ear tags are missing the animal will not be allowed to be slaughtered for human consumption
What should be the outcome if a cow arrives at a slaughterhouse with no ear tags?
returned to previous keeper
What are the rules for sheep tagging used electronic identification (EID)
Lambs must be tagged on the holding they were born with either one slaughter tag (if slaughtered before 12 months) or 2 adult tags
Reared indoors: within 6 months of birth
Reared outdoors: within 9 months of birth
If moving from holding, it must be done before
Describe the life cycle of Taenia saginata – Cysticercus bovis
- Proglottids in faeces
- Cattle become infected by ingesting food/water contaminated with proglottids
- Eggs hatch and release oncospheres (larvae) that penetrate intestinal wall
- Migrate through blood stream and lodge in tissues (skeletal & cardiac muscle)
- Develop into cystericus bovis (fluid filled cyst with immature tapeworm)
- Humans become infected when they consume undercooked beef containing cytericus bovis cyst
- Scolex of tapeworm attached to human intestinal wall
- Tapeworm mature and produce proglottids
Describe the lifecycle of Taenia solium – Cysticercus cellulosae
- Proglottids in faeces
- Pigs become infected by ingesting food/water contaminated with proglottids
- Eggs hatch and release oncospheres (larvae) that penetrate intestinal wall
- Migrate through blood stream and lodge in tissues (skeletal & cardiac muscle, heart, liver)
- Develop into cystericus cellulosae (fluid filled cyst with immature tapeworm)
- Humans become infected when they consume undercooked pork containing cytericus cellulosae cyst
- Scolex of tapeworm attached to human intestinal wall
- Tapeworm mature and produce proglottids
Describe the lifecycle of Taenia ovis- Cysticercus ovis
- Proglottids in faeces
- Sheep/goats become infected by grazing on contaminated pasture or consuming food/water contaminated with proglottids
- Eggs hatch and release oncospheres (larvae) that penetrate intestinal wall
- Migrate through blood stream and lodge in tissues (skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm)
- Develop into cystericus ovis (fluid filled cyst with immature tapeworm)
- Dogs become infected when they consume undercooked meat from sheep containing cytericus ovis cyst
- Scolex of tapeworm attached to dog intestinal wall
- Tapeworm mature and produce proglottids
Describe the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis
- Host (pig, human etc.) consumes undercooked meat containing Trichinella larvae
- Larvae released from cysts and penetrate intestinal wall and mature into adult worms
- Adult male and female worms mate and produce live larvae
- Larvae released into lymphatic system and bloodstream
- Larvae travel to muscles of diaphragm, tongue, eye and intercostal muscles
- Larvae invade muscle cell and become encysted
If parasites such as the following are identified during PM inspection, what is the relevance for human health?
(Trichinella spiralis, Taenia ovis- Cysticercus ovis, Taenia solium – Cysticercus cellulosae, Taenia saginata – Cysticercus bovis)
They are zoonotic so identification is crucial to prevent infected meat from entering food supply
What are the best strategies for controlling/reducing the risk of infections for humans and for animals (when applicable)?
- Improved biosecurity on farms
- Don’t feed animals meat scraps
- Rodent control
- Control wildlife exposure
- Testing and monitoring programs
- PM meat inspection
- Proper cooking of meat
- Public health education and awareness
- Surveillance programs
A 36 month old dairy cow tested positive to the tuberculin test arrives at a slaughterhouse.
You are the Official Veterinarian (OV) at the slaughterhouse and are assigned to carry out the post-mortem inspection of the carcass.
- Which are the pathological lesions you will be looking for?
- Where bovine tuberculosis (bTB) lesions would be most likely located in a beef carcass?
- What are the options available when judging the suitability for the carcase and offal for human consumption?
- What additional actions you may require to take in a bovine carcase positive to tuberculin test?
- Granulomas (tubercles) that appear as encapsulated nodules with a caseous necrotic centre
Enlarged lymph nodes - Thoracic lymph nodes: retropharyngeal, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
Lungs
Heart and neck lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes - Generalised tuberculosis: total rejection
Localised lesions: partial rejection - Detailed lymph node examination
Laboratory testing
Traceability and notification
Carcass and offal disposal
Biosecurity measures
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Ringworm
Dermatophytosis
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Erysipelas = partial rejection
OR
Endocarditis = total rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Taenia multiceps
Coenuro cerebralis
Partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Dirty carcass
Should have been washed/clipped/stayed overnight
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Dirty pigs going into scalding tank
No action needed but carcass should be rinsed before evisceration
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Melanosis in cattle lung
Partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Pneumonia in sheep lung
mycoplasma like
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Hydatid cyst in sheep liver
Larval stage of echinococcus granulosis
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Hydatid cyst in sheep liver
Larval stage of echinococcus granulosis
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Hydatid cyst in bovine heart
Larval stage of echinococcus granulosis
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Cysticercus tenuicollis in liver
larval stage of Taenia Hydatigena
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Cysticercus tenuicollis in liver
larval stage of Taenia Hydatigena
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Ascaris suum (milk spot) in pig liver
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
Cystericercus ovis in sheep heart
reject heart unless 3+ anatomical sites affected, then reject whole carcass
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
liver fluke
fasciola hepatica
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
chronic liver fluke
fasciola hepatica
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
contamination
trim affected part
partial rejection
Staff might need retraining if this happens often
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
suspicion of bad vaccination practices
trim affected tissue
partial rejection
report back to farmer through FBO
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
bTB
notifiable disease
full rejection and inform APHA
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
bacterial necrosis in sheep liver
partial rejection
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
deer bTB
notifiable disease
full rejection and inform APHA
For the image:
1. name of the condition
2. Reason/aetiological agent
3. ov action/judgement at post-mortem
pheasant carcasses
reject the ones that are very bruised
