All Of Mechanism Flashcards
Alkane to haloalkane
Free radical substitution
Uv light needed to break halogen halogen bond
4 stages
Free radical mechanism
IPT
1. Initiation
Diatomic molecule forms 2 free radicals
2. Propagation 1
Form a halogen halide and free radical
3. Propagation 2
Form a free radical and haloalkane
4. Termination
Any 2 free radicals combine
Overall equation
CH4 + 3F2 = CH3F3 + 3HF
LOOK AT ORGINAL MOLECULES AND NUMBER OF F3 AND BALANCE WITH 3
Haloalkane to alcohol
Name of mechanism = nucleophilic substitutions
Reagent = NaOH/KOH
Condition = aqueous solvent
Haloalkane to nitrile
(C=N)
Name of mechanism = nucleophilic substitutions
Reagent = KCN
Condition = water and ethanol solvent
Haloalkane to amine
NH2
Name of mechanism = nucleophilic substitutions
Reagent = excess NH3
Condition= ethanol solvent , heat and pressure
1st NH3 = nucleophile( electron pair donor )
2nd NH3 = base ( proton acceptor )
Haloalkane to Alkene
Name of mechanism= elimination
Reagent = NaOH ( base )
Condition = ethanolic solvent
OH with lone attracted to H on either side of carbon with halogen
Forms H2O And br -
Forms E/Z isomers
Alkene to haloalkane
Name of mechanism= electrophilic addition
Reagent = Hbr
Condition = none as alkenes are very reactive
Take into account which carbocation
Forms major and minor products
Alkene to haloalkane
Name of mechanism= electrophilic addition
Reagent = br2
Condition =none
Explain why bromine reacts with alkenes even though it’s non polar ?
Alkenes are electron rich in the pi bond this induces a dipole in br2 pushing the electrons further back the delta positive bromine is attracted to Caron double bond
Alkene to haloalkane
Name of mechanism= electrophilic addition
Reagent = H2SO4
Condition = none
Forms a ..yll hydrogen sulfate and can further produce an alcohol
Alkyl hydrogen sulfate = alcohol
H2SO4 catalyst
H2O used
Condition = heat
Alkene to alcohol
Name of mechanism= direct hydration
Reagent = H2O
Condition = hot concentrated H3PO4/H2SO4
Use H+ first ( arrow to H+)
Use H2O with lone pair attracted to c+
Alcohol = Alkene
Name of mechanism= dehydration / elimination
Condition = Hot concentrated H2SO4
Forms H2O and H+
Nitrile to amine
Name of mechanism= reduction
Reagent = H2
Condition = nickel catalyst
Complete combustion
Uses O2
Produces H2O and CO2
Incomplete combustion
Uses O2
Produces H2O + c/CO
Primary alcohol to aldehyde
Name of mechanism= oxidation
Reagent = acidified potassium dichromate
Condition = heat under distillation
1(O) used 1H2O produced
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid
Name of mechanism= oxidation
Reagent = acidified potassium dichromate
Condition = heat under reflux
1(O) used
Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
Name of mechanism= oxidation
Reagent = excess acidified potassium dichromate
Condition = heat under reflux
2 (O) used 1H2O produced
Secondary alcohol to ketone
Name of mechanism= oxidation
Reagent = acidified potassium dichromate
Condition = heat under distillation or reflux
1(O) used 1H2O produced
Glucose to alcohol
Name of mechanism= fermentation
Reagent = yeast catalyst
Condition = no air temperature between 35-40
Acyl chloride = carboxylic acid
H2O
Forms carboxylic and HCl
Acyl chloride = ester
Alcohol
Produces ester and HCl
Acyl chloride= amide
Ammonia
Amide (NH2) and NH4Cl
Acyl chloride = N substituted amide
Amide
Forms RNH3Cl
Aldehyde / ketone = alcohol
Nucleoplilic addition
NaBH4
H- nucleophile then H+
Acidic solvent needed
Aldehyde / ketone = hydroxy nitrile
Nucleophilic addition
KCN
Acidic solvent needed
CN then H+
