Alimentary System Anatomy Class 1 Flashcards
Which ribs make up the costal margin ?
7-10
At which vertebral level is the xiphoid process found ?
T9/T10
Vertebral level of the illiac crest ?
L4
What are the 4 quadrants that physicians section the abdomen into ?
Upper right quadrant
Upper left quadrant
Lower right quadrant
Lower left quadrant
What are the 9 areas of the abdomen medically speaking ?
Right hypochondrium Left hypochondrium Epigastrum Right lumbar Left lumbar Umbillicus Right illiac fossa Left illiac fossa Hypogastrium
What imaginary line separates the hypochondrial areas from the umbilicus ?
Sub-costal line (10th costal cartilage)
Which imaginary line separates the umbilicus and lumbar regions from the hypogastrium ?
Trans-tubercular plane (two tubercles of the illiac crest)
Which important artery and organ is found along the sub-costal plane ?
Origin of the inferior mesenteric artery and 3rd part of the duodenum
Which important confluence is found along the Trans-tubercular plane ?
L5: The confluence of the common illiac veins (IVC origin)
Name the muscles of the anterio-lateral abdominal wall
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus Abdominis
What is the action(s) of the External Oblique muscles ?
To compress and support abdominal viscera and to allow flexion and rotation
What is the action(s) of the Internal oblique ?
To compress and support the abdominal viscera, allows rotation and assists in forced respiration
What is the action(s) of the Transversus Abdominis ?
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera and also supports the body when squatting or when in a bent over position.
What is the action(s) of the Rectus Abdominis ?
Flexion of the trunk and lumbar spine
What is the innervation of the External Oblique muscles ?
The anterior rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerves
What is the innervation of the Internal Oblique muscles ?
Anterior rami of T7-T11, subcostal nerves and the first lumbar nerve.
What is the innervation of the Transversus Abdominis muscles ?
The lovwer costal nerves and also spinal nerve roots T7-T11 (anterior rami)
What is the innervation of the Rectus Abdominis muscle ?
The lower 6 thoracic nerves
What is the difference between the rectus sheath above and below the umbilicus ?
The rectus sheath is not present below the umbilicus
What is the rectus sheath formed by ?
The aponeurosis of the transversus Abdominis and the internal and external oblique muscles.
The linea alba is composed of what kind of tissue ?
Collagen and connective tissue and is formed by the fusion of the aponeurosis and the abdominal muscles.
At what vertebral level is the umbilicus ?
Between L3 and L4
What is a Dermatome ?
A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve
The inguinal canal is formed from ___
Layers of the abdominal wall pushing through the abdominal wall obliquely, thus forming a canal.
The inguinal canal lies parallel to what structure ?
The inguinal ligamnet
What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament ?
The illiac crest and the pubic tubercle
What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal ?
The internal (deep) inguinal ring and the external (superficial) inguinal ring
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal, posterior, anterior, inferior and superior.
Anterior wall: Internal oblique muscle laterally and aponeurosis of the external oblique.
Posterior wall: Transversalis Fascia
Superior (roof): Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.
Inferior (floor): Inguinal Ligament and lacunar ligament (medially)
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males ?
The spermatic cord
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve (branch of L1 nerve)
Testes
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females ?
The round ligament genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve ilioinguinal nerve (branch of L1 nerve) Ovaries Uterus
What is the name of the layer that covers the testes ?
Tunica Vaginalis
From which artery does the inferior Epigastric artery arise and with what other artery does it anastamose ?
External illiac artery and superior Epigastric artery
What are the 4 Functional Layers of the GI tract histalogically speaking ?
1: Mucosa
2: Submucosa
3: Muscularis Propria
4: Serosa
What is the surface marking of the liver?
Ribs 7-11 on the right side
What is the surface marking of the gallbladder?
9th costal cartilage - Trans-pyloric plane
What is the surface marking of the spleen?
Ribs 9-11 left side
At what vertebral level is the sphincter of oddi found?
L2/3
At what vertebral levels do the kidneys sit?
T12-L3
At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process?
T9
At what vertebral level is the jugular notch?
T2
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the 2 common illiac vessels?
L4/5
What are the 3 oesophageal constrictions?
Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic
Which artery supplies the abdominal part of the esophagus ?
Branches of the left gastric artery
What is the venous drainage of the abdominal esophagus ?
Azygous vein and posterior intercostal veins
What is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal esophagus?
The lymphatic drainage will follow the left gastric artery to the celiac lymph nodes
All 4 of the primary gastric groups of nodes eventually drain into which main group of nodes?
Celiac nodes
Gastric carcinoma is most common along which part of the stomach?
Greater curvature
Increased vagal stimulation of the pylorus will have what effect?
Increase pyloric opening and therefore will promote gastric emptying
A Vagotomy will denervate which parts of the stomach ?
Fundus and the body
A vagotomy spares supply to which part of the stomach?
Antrum - preserving gastric motility
Where is the foregut/midgut boundry ?
The middle of the duodenum
Which part of the colon are intraperitoneal and which parts are retroperitonised?
Intraperitoneal = Transverse colon Retroperitoneal = Ascendng and descending colon
what is the pectinate line with regards to the rectum?
Where there is separation of the innervation of the rectum, visceral and parietal
