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Higher History > Alexander III and the Succession Problem > Flashcards

Alexander III and the Succession Problem Flashcards

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1
Q

What span of years did the succession problem occur?

A

1286-1292

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2
Q

What are 3 arguments relating to SCOTLAND’S ECONOMY that suggest Alexander’s rule was golden?

A
  • Overseas exports increased
  • Burghs expanded with more developed economies
  • More coinage was used
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3
Q

What are 3 arguments relating to SCOTLAND’S ECONOMY that suggest Alexander’s rule wasn’t golden?

A
  • Economy was narrowly based on wool
  • Burghs were still small in size
  • No sudden increase in coinage
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4
Q

What are 3 arguments relating to ALEXANDER’S AUTHORITY that suggest his rule was golden?

A
  • No major uprisings from nobles during his reign
  • Use of Gaelic culture to create a Scottish identity
  • 36 years of reign which gave Scotland stability
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5
Q

What are 2 arguments relating to ALEXANDER’S AUTHORITY that suggest his rule wasn’t golden?

A
  • Nobles still had lots of power

- All of his heirs died

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6
Q

What were 2 things Alexander did to protect Scotland after his son’s death?

A
  • Re-married to Yolanda of Dreux

- He got his nobles to swear support to his grand-daughter, the Maid of Norway

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7
Q

Why were the actions taken after Alexander’s son’s death not enough to protect Scotland?

A

The nobles were half-hearted in swearing fealty as they thought Alexander would have more heirs

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8
Q

What does it mean to pay “homage”?

A

Where a vassal publicly submits to their overlord, signified by physical contact (e.g. a sword on the shoulders)

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9
Q

What significant event in the Anglo-Scottish relationship occurred in 1278?

A
  • In the past, English kings had claimed they were the overlords of Scotland
  • In 1278, Alexander refused to pay homage to Edward for Scotland
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10
Q

When was Balliol coronated?

A
  • 30th November 1292

- St Andrew’s Day

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11
Q

Where was Balliol coronated?

A
  • Scone Palace

- Stone of Destiny

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12
Q

What was the warning Edward gave Balliol?

A

If Balliol didn’t govern justly, Edward would intervene

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13
Q

How did Bruce react to Balliol being chosen as king?

A
  • He transferred his claim + earldom to his heir, Robert the Bruce
  • Refused to submit to Balliol
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14
Q

How did Bruce discredit himself from getting the crown?

A
  • He was really aggressive when Alexander + Margaret died

- He took castles + land

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15
Q

What did future Scottish kings claim about Balliol?

A
  • Edward only chose Balliol because he was weaker + easier to manipulate

(this isn’t true as Balliol was the last claimant to pay homage to Edward)

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16
Q

What was Bruce’s argument for being king?

A
  • Proximity; closest to the bloodline (he was one generation older than Balliol)
  • Typically a Gaelic tradition
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17
Q

What was Balliol’s argument for being king?

A
  • Primogenitary; senior bloodline (Balliol descended from the eldest child)
  • More common in England + modern Scotland
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18
Q

What are 3 arguments relating to FOREIGN RELATIONS that suggest Alexander’s rule was golden?

A
  • Scotland gained control over Western Isles + Isle of Man in the Treaty of Perth, 1266
  • Good relation with England through intermarriage
  • Close personal relationship between Alexander + Edward
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19
Q

What are 2 arguments relating to FOREIGN RELATIONS that suggest Alexander’s rule wasn’t golden?

A
  • Upset the Western Isles

- Norway kept control over Orkney + Shetland

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20
Q

When did Edward pause the decision of who was to be king and why?

A
  • Between August 1291 to June 1292

- To allow Florence, Count of Holland, to gather evidence to support his claim

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21
Q

Who did Edward appoint as a new guardian?

A

Brian FitzAlan

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22
Q

How long did Edward give the guardians to consider his demand for overlordship?

A

3 weeks

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23
Q

How did the guardians respond?

A

They claimed only a king could make the decision to pay homage and they had no king

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24
Q

What was the Award of Norham?

A
  • Edward demanded all claimants pay homage to him
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25
Q

When did the Award of Norham end by?

A

12th June 1291

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26
Q

How many claimants submitted to Edward?

A
  • 9 claimants
  • Bruce submitted first
  • Balliol submitted last
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27
Q

How did Edward’s auditors vote?

A

The majority voted for Balliol

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28
Q

Who was officially chosen to be King of Scots and when?

A
  • Edward chose Balliol

- 17th November 1292

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29
Q

“Edward was one of the auditors”

True or False?

A
  • False

- He claimed to be a spokesman

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30
Q

How many of Bruce’s auditors went against him?

A

29 went against Bruce

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31
Q

How did Balliol’s auditors vote?

A

All of them voted for Balliol

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32
Q

How long did it take to decide upon the next King of Scots?

A

15 months

33
Q

How long was Scotland without a king?

A

6 years

34
Q

How many auditors did Bruce, Balliol, and Edward appoint each?

A
  • 40 by Bruce
  • 40 by Balliol
  • 24 by Edward
35
Q

What were 5 conditions of the Birgham treaty?

A
  • Parliament could only be held in Scotland + Scottish parliament had to separate from England
  • Scotland had to be “free in itself”
  • A new seal was to be created
  • Nobles in Scotland paid homage to the King of Scots, not the King of England
  • All Scottish traditions were to be maintained
36
Q

What did Edward I do in 1290 that was concerning to Scottish nobles?

A
  • Captured the Isle of Man

- Demanded taxes from Scottish churches

37
Q

When did the official marriage treaty, the Treaty of Birgham, happen?

A

1290

38
Q

Name 3 conditions of the marriage treaty.

A
  • Elections of the Scottish church were to remain separate from England
  • All taxes collected in Scotland were to be used in Scotland
  • Anyone who committed a crime in Scotland would be tried in Scotland
39
Q

What was the name of the official marriage treaty between Edward II and Margaret, Maid of Norway?

A

Treaty of Birgham

40
Q

What did Bruce do after Margaret’s death?

A
  • Marched to Perth with a “large following”

- He was talked down from acting violently by the guardians

41
Q

Which other earls supported Bruce’s actions after Margaret’s death?

A
  • Earl of Athol

- Earl of Mar

42
Q

What did Balliol promise Bishop Bek after Margaret’s death?

A

Bek was promised lands belonging to the crown by Balliol as a bribe

43
Q

Why was the promise Balliol made to Bishop Bek after Margaret’s death problematic?

A

This showed he was ambition + believed he would inherit the crown

44
Q

What was Bruce’s letter to Edward (sent after Margaret’s death) called?

A

The Appeal of the Seven Earls

45
Q

When + where did the guardians meet after Margaret’s death?

A
  • 15th October 1290

- Edinburgh

46
Q

When did Margaret, Maid of Norway, die?

A

Around 26th September 1290

47
Q

Who was first to write to Edward after Margaret’s death?

A

Bishop Fraiser

48
Q

When was the first letter to Edward after Margaret’s death sent?

A

7th October 1290

49
Q

Which English envoys were supposed to meet Margaret + where did they stop?

A
  • Bek + Warenne
  • Perth to talk to Scottish nobles
  • It was in Perth they were informed of Margaret’s death
50
Q

Who was the second guardian to die and when?

A
  • Earl of Buchan

- 1289

51
Q

What was the cause of Margaret’s death?

A

She died during the voyage from Norway to Scotland, during which she fell ill

52
Q

What were the 3 castles Bruce took?

A
  • Dumfries
  • Wigtown
  • Buittle
53
Q

How did the guardians subdue Bruce’s uprising? Who else helped?

A
  • They mobilised their armies

- James the Stewart (one of Bruce’s supporters)

54
Q

Why did Yolanda’s phantom pregnancy cause problems?

A
  • Added to confusion over who was to succeed Alexander

- Increased uncertainty in other heirs, such as Margaret

55
Q

When did Bruce take the 3 castles? What sparked the uprising?

A
  • Autumn 1286

- Lack of clear leadership in Scotland after Alexander’s death

56
Q

Which Barons were elected to be guardians?

A
  • James Comyn

- James the Stewart

57
Q

Why were those specific guardians chosen?

A

To appease the two major factions in Scotland; the Bruces and and Comyns. It was supposed to be balanced.

58
Q

What did the Scottish nobles do after Alexander’s death + when did they do this?

A
  • Gathering at Scone Palace

- 2nd + 29th April 1286

59
Q

What was decided upon at the meeting after Alexander’s death?

A
  • Swore to recognise Margaret, Maid of Norway, as heir

- Discussed who Margaret would marry

60
Q

When were the guardians elected?

A

28th April 1286

61
Q

Why were the guardians less effective?

A
  • After 2 died, they were unable to replace them due to high tensions in Scotland
  • One was corrupt
62
Q

Which earls were elected to be guardians?

A
  • Duncan, Earl of Fife

- Alexander Comyn of Buchanan

63
Q

Which bishops were elected to be guardians?

A
  • William Fraiser (St Andrews)

- Robert Wishart (Glasgow)

64
Q

Why was the oath of fealty to Margaret sworn at Scone vague? Give two reasons.

A
  • Still uncertain on Margaret (female, Norwegian decent)

- Yolande was thought to be pregnant with an heir

65
Q

How did the nobles decide to run the country? What types of people were elected?

A
  • 6 guardians

- 2 bishops, 2barons, 2 earls

66
Q

When did Alexander III die?

A

19th March 1286

67
Q

Who was his only heir?

A

Margaret, Maid of Norway

68
Q

Why was Alexander’s only heir problematic?

A

She was female and daughter to a Norwegian king. Scotland had recently warred with Norway and so relations were tense.

69
Q

Why did Edward encourage so many claimants to come forward?

A
  • To create as much confusion as possible

- To creates problems and instability for the chosen Scottish King

70
Q

What did Edward demand before he picked a king?

A

He asked the king he chose to pay homage to him

71
Q

How did Edward react to the letters sent to him after Margaret’s death? Name 3 things he did.

A
  • Invited all claimants to Norham (fort on the English border)
  • Mobilised Northern army to Scottish border
  • Moved navy to block Scottish ports
72
Q

How many claimants were there in total?

A

13 (14 including Edward)

73
Q

How many claimants had a real claim?

A

3 real claimants

74
Q

What were 3 reasons Scotland wasn’t doing too badly after Alexander’s death?

A
  • Civil war hadn’t happened yet
  • Guardians were appointed
  • Community of the realm
75
Q

What were 3 terms of the Treaty of Sailsbury?

A
  • Margaret would remain “single”
  • She would be saved for Edward’s son
  • Edward was able to remove + appoint guardians
76
Q

What happened on the Isle of Man to raise tensions?

A

Uprisings started on the Isle of Man

77
Q

How did Duncan of Fife take advantage of his power as guardian?

A
  • Took bribes

- Gained money through his position

78
Q

What was the consequence of Duncan of Fife’s corrupt behaviour?

A
  • One of his relatives murdered him

- 1289

79
Q

What did Bruce have to do after being subdued from his uprising after Alexander’s death?

A

He had to pay homage to the Maid of Norway

Higher History (16 decks)

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