Aldehydes & Ketones

Question 1

Outline the functional group and carbonyl group of Aldehydes

Answer 1

Functional group -CHO
Carbonyl Group C=O

Question 2

How are Aldehydes formed?

Answer 2

Oxidised and distilled of Primary Alcohols

Question 3

What happens when Aldehydes are oxidised?

Answer 3

With acidified potassium dichromate -> Carboxylic Acid

Question 4

How are aldehydes reduced?

Answer 4

Use reducing agent NaBH4 and is nucleophilic addition
H+ ion needed for (aq)

Question 5

Outline the steps of Aldehyde reduction

Answer 5

Step 1:
H- ion attacks carbonyl so C=O bond breaks and makes O-
Step 2:
O- attacks H2O molecule to get H making R-OH
OH- ion made

Question 6

Describe how Hydroxynitriles are produced

Answer 6

Nucleophilic addition with :CN- nucleophile.
Synthesis = +1 to C chain

Question 7

Outline the mechanism steps of Hydroxynitrile formation

Answer 7

Step 1:
:CN on HCN attacks Carbonyl - C=O bond breaks
O- made
Step 2:
O- attacks remaining H+ from HCN to form R-OH

Question 8

Outline what isomers form from Hydroxy-nitriles and how

Answer 8

Optical Isomers (enantiomers)
Due to Chiral Carbon Centre

Question 9

How are Hydroxynitriles named?

Answer 9

Nitrile group = suffix
Hydroxyl group = prefix