Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

How are alcohols produced

A

Hydration of ethene and fermentation of glucose

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2
Q

Explain the process of hydration of ethene

A

Water is reacted with ethene at temperatures of 300 degrees, 70atms and conc. H3PO4

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3
Q

Explain the process of fermentation

A

Yeast is placed with glucose 37degrees and with no oxygen

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4
Q

Advantages of hydration of ethene

A

Continuous, fast

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5
Q

Disadvantages of hydration of ethene

A

Non-renewable, expensive

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6
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A

Renewable, cheap, carbon-neutral

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7
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A

Batch, needs distillation

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8
Q

Define biofuel

A

Fuel produced from living matter (biomass)

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9
Q

How to show that biofuel is carbon-neutral

A

Amount of CO2 absorbed by plants is equal to amount of CO2 released when burnt

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10
Q

How to classify alcohols as primary, secondary or tertiary

A

Number of carbon atoms around the COH

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11
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised to

A

Aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids

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12
Q

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to

A

Ketones

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13
Q

What are tertiary alcohols oxidised to

A

Nothing

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14
Q

What is the oxidising agent used in these reactions

A

Conc. H2SO4 and potassium dichromate (VI)

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15
Q

How does the method determine if aldehyde or carboxylic acid is produced

A

Distillation produces aldehyde. In flux produces carboxylic acid

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16
Q

Substance of result of Tollens’ Reagent

A

Ammoniacal silver nitrate.

Silver mirror for aldehydes

17
Q

Substance of result of Fehling’s Solution

A

Copper(II) complex ions. Brick-red precipitate for aldehydes

18
Q

Why are alkenes produced from alcohols

A

These can produce polymers without the need of crude oil

19
Q

What is the bond angle between COH

20
Q

What intermolecular forces are involved in alcohols

A

Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and Van der Waals

21
Q

Are alcohols soluble

A

Shorter alcohols are soluble as here, the hydrogen bonding dominates

22
Q

What is ethanol used for

A

Solvents, inks and coatings

23
Q

Why is air kept out of fermentation

A

Prevent oxidation of ethanol and for anaerobic respiration

24
Q

What conditions are required for elimination of alcohols

A

H2SO4, temp of 170°C

25
How much oxidising agent is used for carboxylic acids
Twice as much as the amount used to produce aldehydes
26
Example of reagent for nucleophilic substitution or elimination
NaOH
27
Define carbon-neutral
An activity which has no net carbon emissions to the atmosphere
28
Colour change of acidified potassium dichromate in a primary/secondary alcohol
Orange to green