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Chemistry A-Level > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

How are alcohols produced

A

Hydration of ethene and fermentation of glucose

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2
Q

Explain the process of hydration of ethene

A

Water is reacted with ethene at temperatures of 300 degrees, 70atms and conc. H3PO4

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3
Q

Explain the process of fermentation

A

Yeast is placed with glucose 37degrees and with no oxygen

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4
Q

Advantages of hydration of ethene

A

Continuous, fast

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5
Q

Disadvantages of hydration of ethene

A

Non-renewable, expensive

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6
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A

Renewable, cheap, carbon-neutral

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7
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A

Batch, needs distillation

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8
Q

Define biofuel

A

Fuel produced from living matter (biomass)

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9
Q

How to show that biofuel is carbon-neutral

A

Amount of CO2 absorbed by plants is equal to amount of CO2 released when burnt

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10
Q

How to classify alcohols as primary, secondary or tertiary

A

Number of carbon atoms around the COH

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11
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised to

A

Aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids

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12
Q

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to

A

Ketones

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13
Q

What are tertiary alcohols oxidised to

A

Nothing

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14
Q

What is the oxidising agent used in these reactions

A

Conc. H2SO4 and potassium dichromate (VI)

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15
Q

How does the method determine if aldehyde or carboxylic acid is produced

A

Distillation produces aldehyde. In flux produces carboxylic acid

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16
Q

Substance of result of Tollens’ Reagent

A

Ammoniacal silver nitrate.

Silver mirror for aldehydes

17
Q

Substance of result of Fehling’s Solution

A

Copper(II) complex ions. Brick-red precipitate for aldehydes

18
Q

Why are alkenes produced from alcohols

A

These can produce polymers without the need of crude oil

19
Q

What is the bond angle between COH

A

104.5

20
Q

What intermolecular forces are involved in alcohols

A

Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and Van der Waals

21
Q

Are alcohols soluble

A

Shorter alcohols are soluble as here, the hydrogen bonding dominates

22
Q

What is ethanol used for

A

Solvents, inks and coatings

23
Q

Why is air kept out of fermentation

A

Prevent oxidation of ethanol and for anaerobic respiration

24
Q

What conditions are required for elimination of alcohols

A

H2SO4, temp of 170°C

25
Q

How much oxidising agent is used for carboxylic acids

A

Twice as much as the amount used to produce aldehydes

26
Q

Example of reagent for nucleophilic substitution or elimination

A

NaOH

27
Q

Define carbon-neutral

A

An activity which has no net carbon emissions to the atmosphere

28
Q

Colour change of acidified potassium dichromate in a primary/secondary alcohol

A

Orange to green

Chemistry A-Level (34 decks)

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