Airway diseases Flashcards
What structures are affected by obstructive and restrictive diseases
airways are affected by obstructive diseases
Lungs are affected by restrictive diseases
What characteristics of asthma can be used to classify the condition (4)
level of type 2 cytokines
Onset
(Non)atopic
Extrinsic or intrinsic
What is the triad associated with asthma
reversible airflow obstruction
Airway hyper responsiveness
T2 airway
What are the hallmarks of airway remodelling (3)
thickening of the basement membrane
Collagen deposits in submucosa
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
Describe the inflammatory cascade of asthma (4)
inherited acquired factors trigger a response
Eosinophilic inflammation
Mediators are released (TH2 cytokines)
Hypperreactivity of smooth muscle
What are the different methods that can be used to manage the steps of the inflammatory cascade (4)
Avoiding the precipitating
Anti-inflammatory medication
Anti-Leukotrienes/anti-histamines
Bronchodilators
Describe the characteristics of asthma (4)
episodic symptoms
Diurnal variability
Non-productive cough
Wheeze
What type of medication is asthma responsive to (2)
steroids
Beta agonists
Presence of what indicates that an individual has asthma (4)
Raised eosinophils
Raised FeNO
Diurnal variation of peak flow
Reduced forced expiratory ratio
What can be used to diagnoses asthma (3)
history
Examination
Provocation testing
What is the main symptom of COPD
Breathlessness
What are the components of COPD (2)
chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Describe chronic bronchitis (6)
chronic neutrophilic inflammation
Hypersecretion of mucus
Mucocilliary dysfunction
Altered lung biome
Smooth muscle spasms
Smooth muscle Hypertrophy
Describe emphysema (3)
Alveolar destruction
Impaired exchange of gases
Loss of bronchial support
Which component of COPD is irreversible
Emphysema
What are the characteristics of COPD (5)
chronic (not episodic)
Worsened by smoking
Non-atopic
Productive cough
Exacerbated by infection
Describe the chronic cascade of COPD (5)
progressive and fixed airflow obstruction
Impaired alveolar gas exchange
Respiratory failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Right ventricular Hypertrophy or failure
What is ACO
Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome
Raised eosinophils
What are the symptoms of rhinitis (4)
Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing
Itching
Nasal congestion and obstruction
What causes swelling of the nasal cavity
Dilation of blood vessels
What causes difficulty breathing in rhinitis (3)
increased mucosal blood flow
Increased blood vessel permeability
Increased volume of nasal mucosal
How can drugs be transported across the nasal epithelium (4)
Transcellular diffusion
Paracellular diffusion
Carrier mediated transport
Vesicle mediated transport
