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Medical Microbiology > Airborne Viral diseases > Flashcards

Airborne Viral diseases Flashcards

Influenza, covid-19, smallpox, chickenpox, shingles, measles, rubella

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1
Q

CA - Influenza

A

Influenza virus
- enveloped, 8 RNA segments, spikes

Influenza types A,B,C,D - based on capsid protein

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2
Q

VF - influenza

A
  • protein spikes:
    HA (H) spikes
    NA (N) spikes
  • antigenic variation - involving genetic recombination & formation of hybrid viruses
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3
Q

Sxs - influenza

A

Acute sxs
Chills, fever, headache, muscle aches

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4
Q

Prevention - influenza

A

Multivalent vaccine, nasal spray flu vaccine (it is a live, weakened virus)

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5
Q

Pre-disposing factors - influenza

A

Very young & elderly

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6
Q

Reservoirs - influenza

A

1 - human
2 - birds, farm animals

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7
Q

Transmission - influenza

A

Droplet & airborne transmission

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8
Q

Treatment - influenza

A

Antivirals

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9
Q

Diagnosis - influenza

A

Difficult to diagnose bc of acute sxs

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10
Q

Misc - influenza

A

Type A - most caused flu pandemic
Spanish flu pandemic killed more than 20 million people (in 1918)

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11
Q

CA - covid 19

A

SARS-CoV-2
- single strand RNA, enveloped, spikes

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12
Q

VF - covid

A
  • Ability to multiple in ciliated epithelial cells of respiratory tract
  • has spikes !
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13
Q

Reservoir - Covid

A

1- animals (bats!!!, intermediate animal hosts)
2- humans

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14
Q

Transmission - covid

A

Zoonotic, droplet transmission, fomites, airborne

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15
Q

SARS - covid

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

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16
Q

MERS - covid

A

Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome

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17
Q

Prevention - covid

A

Practice good respiratory hygiene (wash hands, maintain social distancing)
- vaccines !

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18
Q

Incubation period - covid

A

Average 4-5 days
Up to 14 days

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19
Q

Sxs - covid

A
  • fever, headache, fatigue, dry cough, loss of taste and smell
  • shortness of breathe —> respiratory failure
  • septic shock —> multiple organ failure (in severe cases)
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20
Q

Pre-disposing factors - covid

A

Crowds, poor health

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21
Q

Diagnosis - covid

A

PCR & antigen, antibody tests

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22
Q

Treatment - covid

A
  • 80% needs no treatment
  • severe cases ; antivirals, steroids, antibodies
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23
Q

CA - smallpox

A

AKA Variola
Variola virus
- enveloped, DNA virus

Variola major - 20-60% mortality
Variola minor - <1% mortality

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24
Q

VF - smallpox

A

Produces protein called SPICE (Small pox inhibitor of compliment enzymes)

What does SPICE do? It inhibits compliment protein activation

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25
Q

Transmission - smallpox

A

Airborne

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26
Q

Sxs - smallpox

A

Viremia: skin infections & pus-filled lesions

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27
Q

Diagnosis - smallpox

A

Serological tests

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28
Q

Prevention - smallpox

A

Vaccine= live Vaccinia virus (cowpox virus)
Has mild to sever side effects

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29
Q

Misc - smallpox

A
  • highly infectious
  • potential for bioterrorism
  • completely eradicated from human population
30
Q

CA - chickenpox

A

Varicella Zoster virus
- herpesviridae family
- HHV-3
- enveloped DNA

31
Q

VF - chickenpox

A
  • multiplies in epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract —> viremia —> targets skin —> rash
  • virus becomes latent in CNS (hides in nervous system)
32
Q

Reservoir - chickenpox

A

Humans

33
Q

Transmission - chickenpox

A

Droplet

34
Q

Sxs - chickenpox

A

Fever, headache, itchy raised rash, fluid filled vesicles on face, chest, and back

35
Q

Diagnosis - chickenpox

A

Based on type of rash & location

36
Q

Predisposing factors - chickenpox

A

Daycare centers

37
Q

Prevention - chickpox

A

Varicella vaccine - live attenuated vaccine

38
Q

What is called when scab falls off? - chickenpox

A

Pockmark

39
Q

Incubation period - chickenpox

A

10-21 days

40
Q

Treatment - chickenpox

A
  • Calamine lotion to relieve itching
  • non-aspirin medication in children (otherwise may get brain dysfunction)
41
Q

Chickenpox is AKA

A

Varicella

42
Q

Shingles is AKA

A

Herpes zoster

43
Q

CA - shingles

A

Reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus

44
Q

Misc - shingles

A

Reactivation - virus travels along sensory nerves of the skin
- limited to one side of the body

45
Q

Sxs - shingles

A
  • band-like rash - fluid filled raised rash
  • very painful (post-hermetic neuralgia)
  • blisters scab in 7-10 days
46
Q

Pre-disposing factors - shingles

A

Elderly & stress —> weak immune system —> Reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus

47
Q

Diagnosis - shingles

A

Based on sxs (type of rash & location)

48
Q

Prevention - shingles

A

Via shingles/zoster vaccine called Shingrix

49
Q

Treatment - shingles

A

Antiviral drugs may relieve/supress sxs
(Only management)
EX. Acyclovir

50
Q

Measles AKA

A

Rubeola

(AKA ruby, the mom)

51
Q

CA - measles

A

Rubeola virus
- enveloped, spikes, RNA virus
- antigenic stable (there’s a vaccine, not like influenza)

52
Q

VF - measles

A

H & F protein spikes allow for attachment

53
Q

Reservoir - measles

A

Humans

54
Q

Transmission - measles

A

Droplet
- virus enter blood stream (Viremia) which targets the skin —> rash

55
Q

Incubation period - measles

A

10-21 days

56
Q

Sxs - measles

A
  • HIGH FEVER, runny nose, dry cough, CONJUNCTIVITIS
  • koplik spots (husband) - clustered white lesions on oral mucosal (inside cheeks)
  • MERGING MACULAR rash
    • starts on face, neck, trunk, extremities
57
Q

Diagnosis - measles

A

Based on sxs (-koplik spots in mouth and type of rash + location) ; serological tests

58
Q

Treatment - measles

A

No Rx available
- supportive care only

59
Q

Prevention - measles

A
  1. Monovalent measles vaccine (contains a single strain of pathogen)
  2. MMR vaccine
60
Q

Misc - measles

A
  • encephalitis in 1 out of 1000 cases
  • viral pneumonia aka atypical pneumonia
61
Q

rubella AKA as

A

German measles OR 3 day measles
(Aka Ruby’s daughter)

62
Q

CA - rubella

A

Rubella virus
- non-enveloped, NO spikes, RNA virus

63
Q

Reservoir - rubella

A

Humans

64
Q

Transmission - rubella

A

Droplet

65
Q

Incubation period - rubella

A

2 - 3 weeks

66
Q

Sxs - rubella

A
  • MILD/NO FEVER, runny nose, cough, CONJUNCTIVITIS
  • DISCRETE MACULAR rash (3-5 days) starts on face, neck, trunk, extremities
67
Q

Diagnosis - rubella

A

Based on sxs(discrete macular rash); serology

68
Q

Treatment - rubella

A

No specific Rx available
- supportive care only

69
Q

Prevention - rubella

A

MMR vaccine

70
Q

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

A
  • maternal infection during 1st trimester
  • fetal damage
  • baby will have cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, deafness, intellectual disabilities
  • 15% mortality within 1st year of life
71
Q

Misc - rubella

A

Infections confer for life long immunity

Medical Microbiology (13 decks)

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