Airborne Bacterial lower respiratory diseases

Question 1

CA - pertussis

Answer 1

AKA whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
- gram negative, coccobacillus

Question 2

VF - pertussis

Answer 2

1. Produces a capsule - for attachment to ciliated cells in the trachea
2. Tracheal cytotoxic - damages ciliated cells & shuts down the ciliary escalator (paralyzes cilia)

Question 3

Incubation period - pertussis

Answer 3

5-10 days

Question 4

Sxs - pertussis

Answer 4

Cold-like sxs —> uncontrollable violent coughing —> gasping for air

Question 5

Diagnosis - pertussis

Answer 5

By culture of throat mucus sample (slide prep)

Question 6

Prevention - pertussis

Answer 6

DTaP, TDaP vaccine

Question 7

Treatment - pertussis

Answer 7

Antibiotics

Question 8

Misc - pertussis

Answer 8

Highly contagious

Question 9

Typical pneumonia is caused by

Answer 9

Bacteria
AKA pneumococcal pneumonia

Question 10

Atypical pneumonia

Answer 10

Caused by non-bacterial microbe ; ex. Virus + fungus
Viral pneumonia
Fungal pneumonia

Question 11

CA - pnuemococcal pneumonia

Answer 11

AKA streptococcus pneumoniae
- gram positive bacterium
- encapsulated diplococci
- 90 strains

Question 12

VF - pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 12

1. Very large capsules
2. Alpha hemolysin toxin - partially lyses RBCs (green zone on blood agar)

Question 13

Sxs - pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 13

Acute sxs : HIGH FEVER, DIFFICULTY BREATHING (SHORTNESS of BREATH)
- chest pain, FLUID ACCUMULATION at level of alveoli —> interferes with gas exchange

Question 14

Diagnosis - pnuemococcal pneumonia

Answer 14

Blood tests, alpha hemolysis on blood agar, presence of capsular antigen in urine

Question 15

Pre-disposing factor - pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 15

Age, young & eldery

Question 16

Prevention - pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 16

Pnuemococcal conjugate vaccine (prevnar13)

Question 17

Treatment - pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 17

Antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 18

CA - tuberculosis

Answer 18

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- acid fast staining bacterium, bacilli, obligate aerobe
- fungus like growth, mycolic acid in cell wall

Question 19

VF - tuberculosis

Answer 19

Mycolic acids -
1. Make bacteria to multiply in macrophages
2. Allows bacteria to multiply in macrophages
(Mycolic acid inhibits lysosomal enzyme)

Question 20

Misc - tuberculosis

Answer 20

Droplet transmission

Question 21

Sxs - tuberculosis

Answer 21

Chronic sx —> systemic infection
-Resistant low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, weakness
- bloody cough, indicates alveolar damage

Question 22

Miliary tuberculosis

Answer 22

Bacteria can spread from primary lesion (alveolus) to other areas of the lung, liver, nervous system, bone

Question 23

Diagnosis - tuberculosis

Answer 23

1. Tuberculin skin test
   - if positive, there needs to be a bump or hardness to it
   - TD cells react to tuberculin protein
2. Chest x ray
   - white spots on chest x-ray indicates tubercle formation
3. Acid-fast staining
   - culture sputum sample from lung
   - stain sample —> look for pink acid fast bacilli

Question 24

Treatment - tuberculosis

Answer 24

Multi-drug therapy due to slow growth and dormancy, drug resistance.
First line drugs
Second line drugs
Multi-drug-resistant strains - resistant to first line drugs
Extensively drug-resistant strains - resistant to second line drugs

Question 25

Misc - tuberculosis

Answer 25

Leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide

Question 26

Prevention - tuberculosis

Answer 26

BCG vaccine - not used in US, not that effective