AIP Flashcards
WX products; wind in true or mag?
TRUE (in written)
(if spoken ie in ATIS, it is in MAG)
WX products; CLD base AGL or AMSL?
- AMSL (abv mean sea level) for SIGMET/SIGWX/GRAPHORs
- AGL for TAFs/METARs/ATIS
DEST Met Mins
MET forecast for arrival time +/- 1hr
CLD base 1000ft abve MDA/DA/DDA
VIS 2km abv mins or 5km (whichever is greater)
ALT Met Mins (precision approach)
CLD 200ft abve DA or 600ft (whichever is greater)
VIS 1km abv mins or 3km (whichever is greater)
ALT Met Mins (non-precision approach)
CLD 200ft abve MDA/DDA or 800ft (whichever is greater)
VIS 1.5km abv mins or 4km (whichever is greater)
Practical application of DDA
What approaches do we do it for?
Why do we do it?
To better achieve a stabilised final approach segment for non precision approaches (including RNAV), approaches should be flown at constant descent final approach (CDFA). If CDFA is used, descent below MDA could happen when executing the MAP. Therefore, the go around decision/initiation should be done before MDA (at DDA)
> in simple terms; DDA allows us to make a decision before MDA & execute the MAP if required without continuing below MDA.
How to calculate DDA and what does it stand for?
Derived Decision Altitude
MDA +50ft = DDA
When to not use DDA (3) & alternative approaches to this.
- If the Captain is unable to attain required visual reference on the first appch using CDFA and a DDA, OR
- If the appropriate vertical guidance is not avlble,
OR - If it considered more appropriate by the a/c captain.
> A step down (dive & drive) or CDFA approach to MDA may be used.
Why are STARs used? (4)
- To reduce RTF
- Standardise arrival instructions
- Reduce possibility of error in aircraft routing
- Provide positive routing in event of a/c comms failure.
Approaches; when can you track direct outbound over the aid/ when do you need to conduct a reversal procedure?
- Can track direct overhead the aid outbound if you are within 30 deg L or R of the outbound track.
- If outside this tolerance, a reversal must occur via a Procedure turn/base turn or a racetrack
Reversal procedures; requirements (3)
- Strict adherence to directions & timings required
- Entry track to the procedures must be +/- 30deg
- Except for DME distance limited procedures, reversal speed limitations apply from procedure commencement
Describe a 45/180 deg Procedure turn
(3 steps)
(Also the NOTE)
Consists of;
- specified outbound track & timing from the aid (NO MORE THAN 3 MINS), then;
- a 45deg turn away from the outbound for 1 MIN 15 SECS FROM THE START OF THE TURN (CAT C) then;
- a 180deg turn in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound TRK.
NOTE; an 80deg procedure turn may also be used when a 45deg procedure turn is depicted.
Describe an 80/260 deg Procedure turn
(3 steps)
Consists of;
- specified outbound track and timing from the aid (NO MORE THAN 3 MINS), then;
- an 80deg turn away from the outbound TRK, then, once wings lvl;
- an immediate 260deg turn in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound TRK
Describe a Base turn
(2 steps)
Consists of;
- Turn immediately overhead the aid onto a specified outbound TRK and timing from the aid or specified distance, then;
- a turn to intercept the inbound TRK
Race Track - compare to holds
E/S/OO/P/M/A
Same procedures as holds apply (but leg times/distances should be specified and considerations should be applied);
1. entry TRK must be within +/- 30deg unless entry is protected
2. Speed not abve Max applicable to CAT B
3. When a longer outbound time is published, Offset entry is limited to 1min 30secs, then outbound leg is paralleled for the remaining distance/time
4. During Parallel entry, the inbound final appch track must be intercepted prior to the facility
5. Maneuvering, as far as possible, will be done on the holding side of the inbound track.
6. Specified min altitudes apply until the a/c is established on the final inbound track
When are you established inbound for an appch?
- Within half scale deflection L/R for ILS/VOR
- Within 5deg L/R of an NDB track
Sector 1 (Parallel) entry procedure
Timings start?
Established?
- On reaching holding fix, a/c is turned to reciprocal of holding pattern inbound TRK for 1min (CAT B)/ reaching the limiting distance, then;
- a/c is turned onto holding side to intercept the inbound track until reaching the fix.
- start timing once overhead the aid
- Once overhead aid for second time
Sector 2 (Offset) entry procedure
Timings start?
Established?
- On reaching holding fix, a/c is turned onto HDG of 30deg from the reciprocal of the inbound track, then;
- The a/c is flown outbound for 1min/ limiting distance (if specified)/limiting radial (if specified), then;
- a/c turned to intercept the inbound TRK until reaching the aid.
- start timing once overhead the aid
- Established once over the aid for the second time
Sector 3 (Direct) entry procedure
Timings start?
On reaching the holding fix, the a/c must be turned to follow the holding pattern.
- Outbound timings; abeam the aid or wings level (the later of the two)
When do hold timings start on the non-aid side? (outbound)
once wings level or abeam the aid (whichever comes later)
Hold turns
Bank angle of 3deg per second or 25deg (the lesser AoB)
Zone of flexibility for Hold entry
Zone of flex 5deg L/R of the sector boundaries.
What is a DME arc?
Lead in to turn onto appch?
MSA on the arc provides?
DME Arc entry into the hold
- Circular path that leads in to approach without having to conduct overhead procedure.
-2nm lead into appch turn
-MSA on the arc provides terrain sep of 1000ft up to 2.5nm L/R - When entering hold pattern from DME arc, on reaching the holding fix the a/c must enter the holding pattern IAW either sector 1 or 3 procedure (Parallel of Direct)
What is needed to continue below MDA/DDA/DA (CCVR)
- The a/c is continuously in a position from which a normal rate of descent & normal manouevring can occur to touchdown in the intended area on the RWY
- On circling approach, can maintain a/c within the circling area.
- Flight vis is not less than the vis prescribed for the instrument appch being used.’
- At least one of the visual references for the intended RWY is distinctive/identifiable.