Aggression AO3 Flashcards

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1
Q

strength 1 of neural/hormonal mechanisms

A

I: sup evi for role of limbic system

E: ultimatum game and FMRI - proposer/receivers- when offered unfair amount of money stimulation in amygdala increased (aggressive response)

C: adds validity

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2
Q

strength 2 of neural/hormonal mechanisms

A

I: sup evi for role of serotonin

E: pps given either anti depressant or placebo and were then asked to give shocks to a confederate who mad a mistake on another task- less shocks were given by pps with history of aggression who had anti depressants that increased serotonin levels

C: adds validity

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3
Q

weakness of neural/hormonal mechanisms

A

I: methodological flaws- lack mundane realism

E: lab based games (ultimatum game) unlike real life- artificial and have no consequence for aggressive reaction or risk of retaliation that may occur in real world reducing aggression

C:reduces validity and generalisability

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4
Q

strength 3 of neural/hormonal mechanisms

A

I: sup evi for role of testosterone

E: 60 male offenders from max security prisons - testosterone levels and aggression measured- positive correlation found

C:adds validity

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5
Q

weakness 2 of neural/hormonal mechanisms

A

I: sup evi for testosterone is correlational

E: cant establish cause and effect- could be environmental factors that have impact of aggression levels e.g. upbringing and role models.

C: decreases validity

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6
Q

strength 1 of genetic factors

A

I:sup evi for twin and adoption studies

E: (hutchings)- meta analysis of 14000 adopted people in denmark- positive correlation found between number of violent convictions among biological parent and adopted sons.

C: adds validity

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7
Q

weakness 1 of genetic factors

A

I: method issues with twin studies

E: concordance rates in MZ twins never 100% despite 100% genes shared- must be some environmental factor affecting levels of aggression- concordance may be higher than DZs due to more similar environment

C: reduces validity

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8
Q

strength 2 of genetic factors

A

I: sup evi for role of MAOA

E: 28 members of dutch family all involved in murder, rape and assaults- all have MAOA-L gene

C: add validity

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9
Q

weakness 2 of genetic factors

A

I: gene-environment interactions must be considered

E: research has found association between aggression/antisocial behaviour and MAOA-L gene but only for those with childhood trauma

C: reduces validity

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10
Q

strength 1 of ethological explanations

A

I: sup evi for ritualistic aggression in humans

E: Yonomamo people use chest pounding and club fights to settle conflict before extreme aggression

C:Adds validity

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11
Q

weakness 1 of ethological explanations

A

I:Cont evi for ritualistic aggression in animals

E:Study on chimpanzees show male chimps slaughtering all members of another group in coordinated attacks despite defencelessness

C: Reduces validity

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12
Q

weakness 2 of ethological explanations

A

I:Evidence aggression is not universal or independent of individual experience

E: environmental factors can influence aggressive behaviour in animals- FAP now Model action patterns with differences amongst the same species

C:Incomplete explanation

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13
Q

weakness 3 of ethological explanations

A

I:Culturally relative and not universal

E: (Nisbett)Lab experiment with South and north American white males insulted- South Americans had more aggressive responses

C:Can’t be generalised

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14
Q

strength 1 of evolutionary explanations (SJ)

A

I:Sup evi for sexual jealousy

E: Research into intimate partner violence using self-report shows positive correlation between reports of mate retention tactics and violence

C:Add validity

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15
Q

strength 2 of evolutionary explanations (WF)

A

I: supporting evidence for warfare

E:Yanamamo tribe showed constant fighting to access females and improve status- successful warriors had more wives and children

C: add validity that aggression in warfare has reproductive benefits

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16
Q

strength 3 of evolutionary explanations

A

I:Accounts for gender differences

E: there are few warrior female societies as women risk loss of offspring and reproductive damage from aggression- use verbal aggression instead

C: valid in showing why females use aggression less

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17
Q

weakness 1 of evolutionary explanations

A

I:Method issues with supporting evidence

E:Correlational and self-report could be third factor such as substance misuse leading to violence or inaccurate information given

C: can’t establish cause and effect

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18
Q

weakness 2 of evolutionary explanations

A

I:Aggression not always adaptive

E:Could be maladaptive as aggressive males may not appear attractive female mate due to risk of injury and death

C:Reduces validity

19
Q

strength 1 of frustration aggression hypothesis

A

I:Supporting experimental evidence

E: (Geen)- used impossible jigsaw to frustrate male Pps Before asking them to give electric shock to Confederate who made a mistake on another task frustrated participants gave more intense shocks than controls

C: Adds validity

20
Q

strength 2 of frustration aggression hypothesis

A

I: supporting evidence for revised model

E: (pricks) Swedish football hooliganism investigated- found that more objects were thrown when team performed worse than expected

C: add validity that Unanticipated events cause aggression

21
Q

strength 3 of frustration aggression hypothesis

A

I:Further supporting evidence for revised model

E: (Reifman) Examined baseball games and found as temperature is increased so did the display of aggressive behaviour of pitchers towards batters (higher ball speeds)

C:Add validity

22
Q

weakness of frustration aggression hypothesis

A

I:Contradictory evidence for catharsis

E: (bushman) found frustrated participants you vented anger by hitting punchbag were more aggressive in later task than those who didn’t vent

C:Reduces the validity

23
Q

strength 1 of social learning theory

A

I:Supporting evidence

E: Bandura Bobo doll study- Children who watched aggressive model when more aggressive themselves than non-aggressive model condition

C:Add validity to observation and imitation of role models

24
Q

strength 2 of social learning theory

A

I:Supporting evidence from replications of research

E:Replication of Bobo doll study found that children are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviour if model was rewarded with toy or cookie rather than defeated as punishment

C: Add validity to vicarious reinforcement

25
Q

weakness of social learning theory

A

I: methodological flaws with sup evi

E: Bobo doll on like real person as it’s designed to be hit and can’t retaliate- Unlike real life as people can fight back

C:Reduces validity

26
Q

strength 3 of social learning theory

A

I:Can explain cultural differences

E:!Kung san culture of Kalahari desert-Aggression not vicariously reinforced due to discouragement therefore less aggression is seen as there are no models to imitate and no motivation

C:Add validity of vicarious reinforcement increasing aggression

27
Q

strength 1 of deindividuation

A

I:Sup evidence from real life

E: 60 Newspaper reports on lynching- those in lynch mob more likely to aggressively kill victims

C:Increase validity of link between group size and deindividuation

28
Q

weakness 1 of deindividuation

A

I:Methodological floors with evidence

E: EVs Such as aggressive role models and biological factors could’ve caused aggression

C:Decrease his validity as cause-and-effect can’t be established

29
Q

strength 2 of deindividuation

A

I:Supporting experimental evidence

E: Zimbardo- Instructed students to give shocks to Confederate- more shocks given when wearing hooded coat compared to nametags

C: Adds validity that anonymity increases aggression

30
Q

weakness 2 of deindividuation

A

I:Contradictory evidence

E: (Johnson/downing)- students instructed to give electric shocks in one of three outfits: hooded cloak nurses outfit or normal close
More shocks given in normal clothes the nurses outfit

C: decreases validity at that uniform has an effect

31
Q

strength of importation model

A

I:Supporting evidence

E: DeLisi- Studied juvenile delinquents for violence in prison- those with childhood trauma and drug abuse history is one more violent than control group with no history of this

C: adds validity that pre-existing factors cause aggression

32
Q

weakness of importation model

A

I:Alternative explanations

E:Ignores role of prison officials research shows poorly manage prisons have more extreme violence from inmates and weak leadership and distant staff can cause riots and violence

C: reduces validity- Situation of factors have effect

33
Q

strength 1 of deprivation model

A

I:Supporting evidence

E: research found Overcrowding lack of privacy and lack of activities in prison significantly influenced likelihood of violence
(Light)- Overcrowding in male prisoners increases the level of violence directly

C:Add validity

34
Q

weakness of deprivation model

A

I:Contradictory evidence

E: Two prisons in Mississippi with conjugal visits for heterosexual relationships found that this did not reduce aggressive behaviour

C:Reduces the validity

35
Q

strength 2 of deprivation model

A

I:Real-world application

E:1990- HMP Woodhill prison- Two units for violent prisoners with more space, outdoor views and reduced noise and temperature virtually stopped any assaults from prisoners

C:Can improve prisons in real world

36
Q

weakness 1 of media influences on aggression

A

I:Method issues with lab experiments- lack mundane realism

E:Use artificial and unrealistic tasks such as TCRRT that are unlike violence in real life

C: Can’t be generalised to real life

37
Q

strength of media influences on aggression

A

I:Lab experiments have good internal validity

E:Involve standardise procedures for example length of time playing video games - EVs controlled

C: Increases validity

38
Q

weakness 2 of media influences on aggression

A

I:Method issues with correlational research

E:Can’t establish cause and effect -maybe that aggressive people choose violent games (selection hypothesis)

C:Can’t establish causality

39
Q

weakness 3 of media influences on aggression

A

I:Issues with meta-analysis research

E:Publication bias as non-significant results aren’t published so affects of violent media may be overstated (however Anderson did use non-significant studies to reduce bias)

C:Violet media may have less effect than suggested

40
Q

strength 1 of explanation of media influences on aggression

A

I:Supporting evidence for desensitisation

E: showed university students one of four films
1) sexual aggression against a male
2)Sexual aggression against female
3)Physical aggression
4) neutral film
Then asked participants to complete questionnaire about acceptance of aggression and empathy- Then shown rape trial re-enactment and gave questionnaire- found males who watched violent films were more accepting of violence and are less sympathetic.

C:Add validity

41
Q

strength 2 of explanation of media influences on aggression

A

I:Supporting evidence for disinhibition

E:Lab experiment showed participants who saw film depicting aggression as vengeance gave more electric shocks to Confederate

C: add validity of aggression seen as acceptable

42
Q

strength 3 of explanation of media influences on aggression

A

I:Supporting evidence for cognitive priming

E:Male participants exposed to aggressive song lyrics more likely it to give higher levels of chilli sauce to female Confederates than those who heard a neutral lyrics

C:Add validity that media primes aggression

43
Q

strength 4 of explanation of media influences on aggression

A

I:Practical application

E:American army recruits individuals who are habitual uses a violent media due to disinhibited response to aggression that increases aggressive behaviour and quick responses to threat increasing survival and protection

C:Helped in recruitment for American army

44
Q

weakness of explanation of media influences on aggression

A

I:Cognitive priming less likely it with unrealistic media

E:Game realism is important as fictional violence doesn’t provide same priming affect and may lead to less aggressive thoughts

C:Reduces the validity as media influencers doesn’t apply to all forms of media