advance 4 Flashcards
unpropitious
of a circumstance
نامساعد
Conditions after the 1905 revolution were propitious for stable development.
spartan
adj
A spartan existence is kind of like being a monk. Your room is bare, you live simply and eat sparingly
spartan accommodation
a spartan existence
lacerate
1 to cut skin deeply with something sharp جر دادن
His fingers were badly lacerated by the broken glass.
2 to criticize someone very strongly
The verb lacerate means to cut or tear. So the envelope that gave you that nasty paper cut? It lacerated your finger.like lambast
invidious
unpleasant, especially because it is likely to offend people or make you unpopular
By innocently lying to detectives, she’d put herself in an invidious position.
tempestuous
adj: characterized by violent emotions or behavior (turbulent) طوفانی
A tempest is a storm, so you can use the adjective tempestuous to describe anything stormy or volatile — from a tempestuous hurricane to a tempestuous romance.
Love is not a tempestuous sea; it is a calm river.
volatile
1 a volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and without warning OPP stable
an increasingly volatile political situation
the highly volatile stock and bond markets
2 someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent
3 technical a volatile liquid or substance changes easily into a gas OPP stable
equitable
treating all people in a fair and equal way
an equitable distribution of food supplies
منصفانه - fair
dovetail
A dovetail is a joint in woodworking where two sides are fitted together with interlocking pieces. You can also use the word dovetail to show how other things fit well together — like how your picnic plans nicely dovetail with the sunny forecast.
fit
surreptitious
adj like secretly. Like clandestine
done secretly or quickly because you do not want other people to notice
Rory tried to sneak a surreptitious glance at Adam’s wristwatch.
since his mom was a light sleeper, Timmy had to tiptoe surreptitiously through the entire house.
immure
When you immure someone or something, you put it behind a wall, as in a jail or some other kind of confining space.
to enclose, usually in walls
enclose
to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate
The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall.
an enclosed area
crystallize
if an idea, plan etc crystallizes or is crystallized, it becomes very clear in your mind
Inside her a thought was crystallizing.
some crystal clear ideas
untenable
adj غیرقابل دفاع
If something is untenable, you can’t defend it or justify it. If your disagreement with your teacher puts you in an untenable position, you better just admit you made a mistake and get on with it.
The scandal put the president in an untenable position.
2 an untenable argument, suggestion etc is impossible to defend
irrefutable
refute نقض کردن
غیر قابل نقض
irrefutable evidence/proof/facts
improvident
adj
not given careful consideration
Someone who is improvident doesn’t worry about the future — or plan wisely for it. If you spend all your money on video games even though you know you have to buy your mom a birthday present next week, you have made an improvident decision. ( not wise)
unviable
not able to work, survive, succeed
the plan was obviously unviable considering that it lead to complete environmental destruction in the river valley
asperity
noun harshness of manner
Asperity is the harsh tone or behavior people exhibit when they’re angry, impatient, or just miserable. Did your supervisor snap “Late again!” when you showed up 20 minutes after your shift was supposed to start? She’s speaking with asperity.
you will see asperity used in reference to grumpy voices or irritable behavior.
apposite
appropriate like germane
suitable to what is happening or being discussed
His observations are, indeed, apposite to the present discussion.
nonchalant
behaving calmly and not seeming interested in anything or worried about anything
like when your friend saunters by a group of whispering, giggling girls and just nods and says, “Hey.”
hobble
to hold back the progress of something
hold back. Like encumber or repress
1 hold somebody/something ↔ back to make someone or something stop moving forward
Police in riot gear held back the demonstrators.
2 hold something ↔ back to stop yourself from feeling or showing a particular emotion
She struggled to hold back her tears.
Anger flooded through her. She couldn’t hold it back.
3 hold somebody/something ↔ back to prevent someone or something from making progress
They felt the British economy was being held back by excessive government controls.
hubris
اعتماد بنفس کاذب
His hubris cost him whatever slim chance he had of actually pulling it off.
peripatetic
پیاده
travelling from place to place, especially in order to do your job
a peripatetic music teacher
like itinerant
patent
1 patent lie/nonsense/impossibility etc
formal used to emphasize that something is clearly a lie etc SYN obvious
2 ثبت اختراع
subterfuge
If you want to surprise your mom with a sweatshirt, but don’t know her size, it might take an act of subterfuge, like going through her closet, to find it out. Subterfuge is the use of tricky actions to hide or get something.
he wasn’t sick–it was just a subterfuge
یواشکی. زیرزیرکی
intimation
The noun intimation means a hint or an indirect suggestion.
This was my first intimation that something had gone seriously wrong.
incontrovertible
When something is incontrovertible, it is undeniably, absolutely, 100 percent, completely true. That rain is wet is an incontrovertible fact.
غیر قابل بحث - هیچ بحثی روش نیست
decry
to state publicly that you do not approve of something SYN condemn(محکوم کردن)
express strong disapproval of
The national news printed his mother’s full statement decrying the violence that took her son’s life, and demanding justice.
puissant
Puissant means powerful and in possession of authority, and is often used to describe the political power of someone, like a prince or president.
“Sweet Petyr, surely you do not mean to suggest that these puissant lords and noble knights could be bought like so many chickens in the market.”
encumber
hold back
1 hold somebody/something ↔ back to make someone or something stop moving forward
Police in riot gear held back the demonstrators.
2 hold something ↔ back to stop yourself from feeling or showing a particular emotion
She struggled to hold back her tears.
Anger flooded through her. She couldn’t hold it back.
3 hold somebody/something ↔ back to prevent someone or something from making progress
They felt the British economy was being held back by excessive government controls.
ossify
From the literal “to become bony” meaning of ossify, we get the more figurative meaning: to become rigid or hardened. Although you and other young people may be willing to effect social changes, many older voters have ossified in their opinions.
سرسخت تر شدن
inimitable
Mona Lisa’s inimitable smile .
Mozart’s music follows a clear pattern that anyone could imitate, but his music gives an overall sense of effortlessness that is inimitable.
غیرقابل تقلید
unflappable
adjective not easily perturbed, excited, or upset; marked by extreme calm and composure
“unflappable in a crisis”
crestfallen
looking disappointed and upset SYN downcast
He came back looking crestfallen.
If you are crestfallen, you are dark, depressed, and down in the dumps. You are in need of a pep talk, or at least a hug.
firebrand
someone who deliberately creates trouble.
آشوب گر
Freddy is a firebrand
• Ronald Reagan was deplored as a firebrand who might bring on a nuclear war.
inure
To inure is to get used to something difficult or unpleasant. If after spending an hour in your brother’s room, you stop noticing the stinky-sock smell, you have become inured to the odor.
He was inured to the cold
magisterial
1 a magisterial way of behaving or speaking shows that you think you have authority
his magisterial voice
2 a magisterial book is written by someone who has very great knowledge about a subject
his magisterial study of the First World War
3 offensively self-assured or given to exercising unwarranted power.
though she was only a third grade teacher, Ms Martinet was magisterial in dealing with her class, lording over them like a queen.
stalwart
To be stalwart is to be courageous and dependable, like a stalwart knight who defends a kingdom from a ferocious dragon.
celerity
speed, rapidity
like accelerit
corollary
a practical consequence that follows naturally. نتیجه بدیهی like concomitant
something that is the direct result of something else
Surprisingly, environmental improvement has been a corollary to economic growth.
• She is remembered largely for her pioneering ` dancing modernism, a corollary to abstract expressionism.
• Of course, a basic corollary of the theory is that deep drilling should uncover a portion of these massive methane resources.
machinate
1 to arrange or plan in a carefully detailed way
a teacher might machinate to best organize and inspire her class
2 to plot in an equally careful but somewhat sneaky or underhanded way.
a movie villain machinates in order to defeat the hero.
cosset
to give someone as much care and attention as you can, especially too much SYN pamper لی لی ب لالاش گذاشتن
He cosseted her with flowers and champagne.
indulgence
1 چیزی ک حال میده ولی مضره (افراط)
An occasional glass of wine was his only indulgence.
2 willingness to forgive
a spirit of indulgence and forgiveness
presentiment
a strange feeling that something is going to happen, especially something bad
• I didn’t exactly have a presentiment - certainly not of anything like this happening.
• I have an intractable presentiment that I will soon start seeing them in Tod’s dream.
• I understood that you had had some sort of presentiment of disaster.
puerile
silly and stupid SYN childish. Fatuous
a puerile joke
He did not speak down to her or at her, nor content himself with puerile questions about her life or monologues of his own activities.
ribald
ribald remarks or jokes are humorous, rude, and about sex. Like bawdy
a ribald remark
ribald humor
Something ribald is funny, but in a vulgar or off-color way. If someone makes a ribald joke in class, she will probably be sent to the principal’s office.
dispense
1 معاف کردن از یک قانون یا تعهد
since her father is a millionaire, she is given dispensation from many of the school’s policies.
2 give out
Villagers dispensed tea to visitors.
a machine for dispensing cash
3 to officially provide something for people
dispense justice (=decide whether or not someone is guilty of a crime and what punishment they should receive)
denouement
the exciting last part of a story or play
The plot takes us to Paris for the denouement of the story.
flippant
adj
سرکش و سر ب هوا
not being serious about something that other people think you should be serious about
a rather flippant remark
flippant about
You shouldn’t be flippant about such things.
impetuous
tending to do things very quickly, without thinking carefully first, or showing this quality SYN impulsive
He was high-spirited and impetuous.
She might live to regret this impetuous decision.
obstreperous
aggressive and noisy
You’ve probably seen an obstreperous child in the grocery store, pulling away from her mother, screaming at the top of her lungs.
recrimination
when you blame or criticize someone for something that has happened
Bitter accusations and recriminations followed the disaster.
Sometimes you accuse your opponent of refusing to compromise and he accuses you of the same thing. That’s a recrimination
اتهام متقابل
inviolate
like intact
something that is inviolate cannot be attacked, changed, or destroyed
Purists object that once you have a forest, it should be left inviolate.
• I simply thought this was an inviolate, eternal truth.
Violate: verb of violence
imperious
adj (arrogant & domineering) like coercive
giving orders and expecting to be obeyed, in a way that seems too proud
She raised her hand in an imperious gesture.
His manner was abrupt and imperious.
abrupt syn curt (using very few words in a way that seemsrude)
1 sudden and unexpected
an abrupt change of plan
come to an abrupt end/halt etc
The bus came to an abrupt halt.
2 seeming rude and unfriendly, especially because you do not waste time in friendly conversation. Like terse
Sorry, I didn’t mean to be so abrupt.
rarefied
Use the adjective rarefied to describe things that are so stylish, smart, or moral that they seem elevated above the ordinary, like the rarefied conversation of brilliant scholars.
the word rarefied can also describe the air in high elevations that has less oxygen, like the rarefied air that can be challenging to mountain climbers.
