Adjectives & Present Tense Flashcards
Adjectives - Agreement, position & apocopation. Present Tense - Radical Changing & Reflexive. Word Order
Do adjectives agree with their noun in number + gender?
Yes
What are the rules for adjectives ending in -o?
MS = -o. FS = -a. MP = -os. FP = -as.
What are the rules for adjectives ending in a consonant or -e?
Same in Masc + Fem Singular forms. Those ending in a consonant in plural, add -es. Those ending in -e in plural, add -s. However, z - ces.
What are the rules for adjectives of nationality + those ending in -án, -ín, -ón + -or?
It stays the same in MS, add -es for MP. Remove accent + add -a for FS. For FP, remove accent + add -as.
Which words ending in -or are irregular + how do they act?
Irregular comparatives + superlatives e.g. mejor, peor, mayor, menor, exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior + ulterior. Behave like those ending in consonant/-e. Go before noun.
Give examples of adjectives which end in -a in both the masculine + singular form. What are the rules for these?
Belga, adjectives ending in -ista + cada. Just add -s for the plural forms.
What are the rules for adjectives placed before more than one noun?
They should agree with the first noun.
What are the rules for adjectives placed after more than one noun?
They should take masculine plural agreement.
Which nouns might be used as adjectives? What are their rules?
Colours when the name of a fruit or flower is used (e.g. orange). Do not change.
What are the rules for adjectives when they are used as the complement of the sentence after ser, estar, parecer + resultar?
They must agree with the noun.
Which adjectives might be shortened + when?
Some drop the final letter. (Grande/gran before MS + FS) Bueno/buen, malo/mal, primero/primer, tercero/tercer, alguno/algún, ninguno/ningún before MS) When santo is for male saint, San, except before Do- or To- (e.g. Santo Domingo)
Where are adjectives usually placed?
After the noun.
Which adjectives might come before the noun?
Shortened ones + those which vary their definition depending on position.
These adjectives mean different things depending on their position, what changes?
Antiguo, cierto, distinto, grande, medio.
Former/Ancient, Certain/beyond doubt, Various/different, Great/big, Half/average.
These adjectives mean different things depending on their position, what changes?
Pobre, puro, raro, simple, varios.
Poor (pitied)/poor (not rich), sheer/pure, rare/strange, simple(mere)/simple minded, several/various.
What is formed when the neuter article is placed before an adjective?
It forms an abstract noun.
What happens when 2 adjectives are of equal importance?
They are placed after the noun + linked by ‘y’.
If 1 adjective is less closely allied to the noun, what happens?
It is placed before it and the other is placed after.
How might you make an adjective negative?
Use sin + infinitive (e.g. es un método sin probar) or poco + adjective (e.g. una película poco interesante).
What are the basic rules for radical changing verbs?
Spelling change only in parts 1, 2, 3 + 6.
What are the 4 different spelling changes for radical changing verbs?
e-ie, o-ue, e-I + u-ve.
Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change e - ie.
Pensar, cerrar, empezar, merendar, encender, entender, mentir, perder, consentir, querer, recomendar, divertirse, sugerir, sentir, tener, confesar, vertir, venir, pensar, preferir, despertarse, sentarse + negar.
Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change o - ue.
Volver, almorzar, soler, contar, encontrar, probar, poder, morir, devolver, recordar, envolver, jugar, doler, dormir, llover, torcer, acostarse, mover + resolver.
Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change e - i,
Pedir, medir, conseguir, repetir, seguir, reír, servir, decir, reñir + elegir.
Conjugate the verb:
Perseguir
Persigo, persigues, persigue, perseguimos, perseguís, persiguen.
Conjugate the verb:
Oler
Huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen.
What are reflexive verbs?
Verbs where the action reflects back on the subject.
What are the reflexive pronouns?
Me, te, se, nos, os, se.
How do you form a reflexive verb?
Conjugate as normal + add the reflexive pronoun before it.
What are some uses of the reflexive?
In plural it shows doing the action to each other, to avoid the passive, to express possession in self inflicted actions + possessive adjective isn’t used, used to describe becoming.
In what different ways is the reflexive used to describe becoming?
Hacerse + noun/adjective (voluntary effort to become)
Ponerse + adjective (Change of mood/appearance/physical condition)
Volverse + adjective (Involuntary psychological/mental change, only people + animals)
Convertirse en + noun (Fundamental change e.g. modern)
Quedarse (Loss is implied)
Give examples of reflexive verbs.
Acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, calzarse, conocerse, cortarse, lavarse, meterse, despertarse, dormirse, ducharse, emborracharse.
Which words might change meaning in the reflexive + describe them?
Morir(se) - To die accidentally/deliberately (To die naturally/through illness)
Encontrar(se) - To find/meet (To find something by chance/be situated)
Olvidar(se) - To forget intentionally (To forget accidentally)
Reír(se) - To laugh (at)
When might the reflexive pronoun go after the verb?
Compound tenses (Reflexive pronoun + haber + verb) Infinitive Constructions (Reflexive verb + infinitive + reflexive pronoun) Positive imperatives (Imperative + reflexive pronoun) Negative imperatives (Reflexive pronoun + negative imperative) Present participle (e.g. estoy levantándome)
What does ‘algo’ mean?
When can it be used and what are its rules?
Something. Doesn’t agree with the noun + can be used alone, with an adjective or with de + infinitive. (e.g. Quieres algo de comer)
What does ‘alguien’ mean?
What are its rules?
Somebody. Doesn’t agree with noun + can be used alone or with que + subjunctive (e.g. Quiero a alguien que me aprecie)
What does ‘alguno’ mean?
What are its rules?
Does its spelling change?
Somebody/some. Agrees with noun + becomes algún before MS. Alguna = FS, algunos = MP, algunas = FP.
What does ‘ninguno’ mean?
Does its spelling change?
What are its rules?
Not one/no. Ningún = MS, ningunos = MP, ningunas = FP. Only used in plural form if noun only exists in plural (e.g. gafas) Agrees with noun.
Meanings + rules:
Mucho, poco, todo, tanto, otro, cualquier, varios.
Many/lots, a bit/few, all, as many/so much, other, any, various.
Agree with noun they describe (In adjective form) or replace (in pronoun form) Tanto shortens to tan before adjective.
If the noun is masculine singular + comes directly after the adjective, what happens?
Use the shortened form. e.g. gran
What do these mean if they’re before and after the noun:
Mismo
Pobre
Same, itself.
Poor (pitiable), poor (financial)
