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Psychiatry > Addictions > Flashcards

Addictions Flashcards

1
Q

What are stimulants in drug misuse?

A

Cocaine (most potent natural stimulant) and Amphetamine

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2
Q

What are the forms of cocaine?

A

Coca leaves are chewed or brewed
Cocaine hydrochloride is snorted or injected
Cocaine freebase or crack cocaine is smoked

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3
Q

When are the effects of cocaine experienced?

A

Depends on dose and rate
Smoking - almost immediate
Injecting - 15-30 seconds
Snorting - 3-5 minutes
Crack smoking is very intense but quickly over

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4
Q

What are the effects of cocaine?

A

Stimulant and euphoriant - increased alertness, energy, confidence, impaired judgement and lessens appetite
Damage to nose, airways, convulsions with resp. failure, cardiac arrhythmia’s, MI, HTN, CVA, toxic confusion and paranoid psychosis

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5
Q

What are the withdrawal effects of cocaine?

A

Depression, irritability, agitation, craving, hyperphagia (always hungry) and hypersomnia

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6
Q

How is amphetamine used?

A

Generally amphetamine sulphate
Sniffed, swallowed or injected

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7
Q

What are the effects of amphetamine?

A

Similar to cocaine but longer lasting
Toxic confusion occasionally with convulsions and death
Amphetamine psychosis in heavy chronic use

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8
Q

What are types of opiates?

A

Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine and dihydrocodeine

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9
Q

Describe heroin

A

Synthesised from morphine
Addictive potential
Available as diamorphine or diamorphine hydrochloride
Powder or tar like substance

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10
Q

How is heroin taken?

A

Snorting, smoking and injection
Smoking is safest and injecting is most dangerous

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11
Q

What are some of the effects of heroin?

A

Analgesia, drowsiness/ sleep, mood change, resp. depression, cough reflex depression, sensitization of labyrinth with N/V, decreased sympathetic outflow, constipation and lowering of body temp.

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12
Q

What are the signs of heroin use?

A

Respiratory arrest with a pulse
Pinpoint pupils unreactive to light
Snoring giving way to shallow respiration
Bradycardia and hypotension
Reduced consciousness/ coma

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13
Q

What is the effect of opiates?

A

Intense but transient feeling of pleasure
‘Rush’
Physical and emotional anaesthetic

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14
Q

What is the first time side effect of opiates?

A

Nausea/ vomiting and headache

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15
Q

What are the medium term side effects of opiates?

A

Phlebitis (inflammation of veins), anorexia and constipation

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16
Q

What are the longer term side effects of opiates?

A

Tolerance, withdrawal, social and health problems

17
Q

Describe the opiate withdrawal syndrome symptoms

A

Craving, insomnia, yawning, muscle pain, cramps, dilated pupils, piloerection, increased salivary, nasal and lacrimal secretion

18
Q

Describe methadone/ buprenorphine maintenance

A

Decriminalises drug use
Allows normalisation of lifestyle
Reduces IV misuse
Leakage on to the illicit market

19
Q

Describe ecstasy (MDMA)

A

Almost always used orally
Relaxed euphoric state without hallucinations
Half of ecstasy tablets have no MDMA

20
Q

What are the effects of ecstasy?

A

Euphoria followed by a feeling of calm
Increased sociability
Inability to distinguish between what is and isn’t desirable
Effects after 20 mins and lasts 2-4 hrs

21
Q

What are the side effects of ecstasy?

A

Nausea and dry mouth
Increased BP and temp.
Risk dehydration
Anxiety and panic
Drug induced psychosis

22
Q

Describe cannabis

A

Most commonly used illicit drugs
Presented as marijuana, hashish or hash oil
Skunk has high THC content
Can be eaten but usually smoked

23
Q

What are the psychological effects of cannabis?

A

Relaxing or stimulating, euphoriant, increases sociability, hilarity, appetite, changes in time perception and synaesthesia
High doses - anxiety, panic, persecutory ideation and hallucinatory activity

24
Q

What are the ill effects of cannabis?

A

Respiratory problems, toxic confusion and exacerbation of mental illness

25
Q

Describe benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam, alprazolam….

26
Q

Describe anabolic (androgenic) steroids

A

Family of drugs comprising testosterone and many synthetic analogues
Prescribed in hypogonadism, muscular dystrophy, various anaemias and wasting

27
Q

What are the side effects of steroids?

A

Skin - acne, stretch marks and baldness
Feminisation in males - hypogonadism and gynaecomastia
Virilisation in women (develop male traits)
Increased cholesterol and HTN
Growth deficits
Liver disease

28
Q

What are the psychological side effects of steroids?

A

Irritability and anger - roid rage
Hypomania and mania
Depression and suicidality

Psychiatry (20 decks)

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