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BMRD > Acute & Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute & Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

3 phenomena which occur during acute inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increase in permeability of blood vessels
  3. Emigration of leukocytes
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2
Q

Which mediators stimulate vasodilation in acute inflammation?

A

Histamine & nitric oxide

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3
Q

Which mediators stimulate retraction of endothelial cells?

A

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes etc.

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4
Q

Which mediator stimulate opening of intracellular channels for transcytosis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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5
Q

Describe emigration of leukocytes

A
  1. Rolling: selectin on endothelial cell & glycoproteins on leukocyte
  2. Adhesion: ICAM-1 on endothelial cell & integrin on leukocyte
  3. Diapedesis: leukocyte flattens & extends pseudopods; PECAM-1
  4. Chemotaxis
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6
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A
  1. Recognition & attachment
  2. Engulfment
  3. Killing
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7
Q

Arginine –?–> NO

A

iNOS

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8
Q

O2 –?–> ROS

A

Phagocyte oxidase

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9
Q

Name enzyme which converts H2O2 derived from ROS into hypochlorite OCl2- in the presence of halide e.g., Cl-

A

MPO

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10
Q

Types of exudates

A

Serous, purulent, fibrinous

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11
Q

Serous exudate

A

Cell-poor fluid

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12
Q

Viral infections may cause serous inflammation. True/False?

A

True

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13
Q

Causes of fibrinous inflammation

A
  1. Great increase in vascular permeability

2. Procoagulant e.g., cancer cells

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14
Q

If unremoved, what will fibrinous inflammation result in?

A

Ingrowth of fibroblasts & blood vessels thus scarring

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15
Q

Main component of fibrinous inflammation

A

Fibrinogen which becomes fibrin

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16
Q

How is fibrinous exudate removed?

A
  1. Fibrinolysis

2. Macrophages

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17
Q

Purulent inflammation may cause scarring. True/False?

A

True

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18
Q

Histamine

A

Source: mast cells
Actions: vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Source: hypothalamus
Actions: vasodilation, pain, fever

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20
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Source: mast cells
Action: chemotaxis

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21
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Source: endothelial cells
Action: vasodilation

22
Q

Cytokines

A

Source: mast cells
Action: chemotaxis

23
Q

Platelet-activating factor

A

Source: mast cells
Action: degranulation

24
Q

Example of complement & action

A

C5a

Action: chemotaxis

25
Q

Source of complement

A

Plasma

26
Q

Kinins

A

Source: plasma
Action: pain

27
Q

Name another mediator other than histamine which increases vascular permeability

A

Serotonin

28
Q

Fever-causing mediators

A

IL-1 & TNF

29
Q

Pain-causing mediators

A

Prostaglandins & kinin

30
Q

Cytokines in acute inflammation

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6 & chemokines

31
Q

Cytokines in chronic inflammation

A

IL-12, IL-17 & IFN-y

32
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution w/ regeneration
  2. Resolution w/ scarring
  3. Chronic inflammation
33
Q

Cells involved in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells

34
Q

What does acute-phase response consist of?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Acute phase proteins
35
Q

Example of exogenous pyrogen

A

LPS

36
Q

What does hypothalamus secrete in response to pyrogens?

A

Prostaglandins

37
Q

What are the 3 acute phase proteins?

A
  1. Serum amyloid A
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. C-reactive protein
38
Q

What is effect of increase in fibrinogen on rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes?

A

Increases

39
Q

State 2 key mediators involved in acute-phase response

A

TNF & IL-1

40
Q

Increase in which enzyme during acute phase response causes anemia?

A

Hepcidin

41
Q

Type of leukocytosis in bacterial infection

A

Neutrophilia

42
Q

Type of leukocytosis in viral infection

A

Lymphocytosis

43
Q

Type of leukocytosis in parasitic infection & allergies

A

Eosinophilia

44
Q

Typhoid fever causes ___ which means decrease in leukocyte.

A

Leukopenia

45
Q

Name the 2 ways macrophages are activated

A

Classical & alternative

46
Q

What does classically activated macrophage do?

A

Phagocytose & stimulate inflammation by releasing more cytokines

47
Q

What is effect of alternatively activated macrophage?

A

Anti-inflammatory

48
Q

Examples of mediators in alternative macrophage activation

A

IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 & TGF-b

49
Q

T cells:
CD4+ = A
CD8+ = B

A

A: helper
B: cytotoxic

50
Q

IFN-y

A

Source: T cell
Action: activates macrophages

51
Q

IL-12

A

Source: macrophage
Action: increase IFN-y

BMRD (18 decks)

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