Abx Resistance

Question 1

What are the 2 ways of bacterial gene transfere

Answer 1

Vertical and Horizontal

Question 2

What happens in vertical gene transfer (VGT)

Answer 2

Transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring during reproduction

Occurs via: binary fussion

Question 3

What happens in Hortizonal gene transfer (HGT)

Answer 3

Transfere of genetic material from bacteria to bacteria

Occurs via:
• conjugation
• transduction
• transformation

Key in abx resistance

Question 4

What are the 4 mechanism of resistance?

Answer 4

• efflux of abx

• unable to penetrate target site within microbe
(gram negatives contain LPS in their cell membrane - protection)

• change in target site (genetic changes)

• enzymatic destruction of drug (beta lactams are enzymes found in the bacteria that breaks down beta lactam rings in beta lactam abx)

Question 5

What is the example for vancomycin resistance enterococci

Answer 5

Noramlly: in vancomycin susceptible enterococci
• vancomycin binds to d-ala-d-ala with high affinity and inhibits cell wall synthesis

In vancomycin resistant enterococci, bacteria modify its target and vancomycin now has low affinity

Question 6

What are alternative to abx

Answer 6

• vaccines
• monoclonal antibodies
• probiotics