Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

common bile duct

formed by

A

cystic duct from gall bladder
hepatic duct from liver

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2
Q

parts of stomach

A

superior= fundus
cardiac portion (to the R of fundus portion, small)
body
inferior= pylorus

lesser curvature = medial
greater curvature = lateral

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3
Q

Left to right

A

Superior duodenum
Horizontal duodenum
Ascending duodenum (first part of sm intestine)

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4
Q

Left to Right

A

Pancreas
Head > body > tail

Deep to stomach

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5
Q

greater omentum

A

aka fatty apron
derived from dorsal mesentary (even tho it’s ventral)

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6
Q

smobile parts of large intestine

A

transverse
sigmoid ( > rectum > anus)

rest of large intestine attached to body wall

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7
Q

flow thru large intestine

structurally

A

ascending colon
right/hepatic colic flexure
transverse
left/splenic colic flexure
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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8
Q

small intestine

structures

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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9
Q

meeting of ileum and ascending colon

A

caecum
pouch like
vermiform appendix comes off

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10
Q

large intestine

structure

A

taenia coli= muscular band thru middle
haustra= bubbles/pouches separated by semilunar compartments
epiploic appendices = fat pouches hang off

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11
Q

intraperitoneal organs

mesenteric relations

A

stomach, first and last duodenum, gall bladder, transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, sigmoid colon, appendix

only attched to body wall via dorsal mesentary move freely

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12
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal organs

mesenteric relations

A

ascending and descending colon, pancreas, middle duodenum

started mobile then got stuck behind body wall

pussy cat dolls

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13
Q

primary retroperitoneal organs

A

aorta, kidneys
thoracic esophagus, rectum, anal canal
started and stayed behind body wall

at the beginning and end of digestive tract
everything b/t started free

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14
Q

gut divisions

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

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15
Q

foregut

A

esophagus > 1st part duodenum
aka initial digestion
blood from celiac trunk

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16
Q

midgut

A

duodenum > 2/3 transverse colon
aka most of intestines
blood from superior mesenteric artery

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17
Q

hindgut

A

last 1/3 transverse colon > anus
end of digestion
blood from inferior mesenteric artery

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18
Q

branches of celiac trunk

foregut

A

to the R: common hepatic (liver)
to the L: L. gastric (lesser curve) and splenic (spleen)

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19
Q

branches of common hepatic

foregut

A

gastrodeuodenal (behind stomach and duo) > superior pancreaticoduodenal (pan and duo) and R. gastro-omental (greater curver)

R gastric (lesser curve)
proper hepatic > R and L hepatic
R hepatic > cystic

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20
Q

branches from splenic artery

A

L. gastro-omental (greater curve)

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21
Q

foregut anastomoses

A

R and L gastrics in lesser curve
R and L gastro-omental in greater

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22
Q

branches of superior mesenteric

midgut

A

to the L: lots of intestinal arteries

to the R: inferior pancreaticodeodenal, R colic (lg intestine), marginal (more lateral), middle colic, ileocolic (down to junction)

vasa rectae: straight vessels, off of marginal and intestinal
arcades: loops off of intestinal

marginal very important for collateral circulation

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23
Q

branches of inferior mesenteric

hindgut

A

L colic
sigmoid
superior rectal

L colic joines with marginal

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24
Q

rectum/anal circulation

A

inferior, middle rectal arteries from internal iliac artery
for collateral circulation

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25
Q

general portal vein flow

A

portal = 2 capillary beds
1. gut (cap 1)
2. liver (cap 2)
3. heart

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26
Q

hepatic portal vein flow

A

splenic + inferior mesenteric + superior mesenteric >
hepatic portal vein >
hepatic vein >
inferior vena cava >
heart

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27
Q

rectum/anal venous flow

A

inferior rectal
middle rectal
internal iliac
common iliac (internal + external)
inferior vena cava

alcohol thru rectum not detoxed by liver

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28
Q

hepatic portal tributaries

A

esophageal
paraumbilical
rectal
retroperitoneal

if backed up = portal hypertension

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29
Q

esophageal varices

A

build up of venous blood
look like beads
can burst and drown people

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30
Q

rectum hemorrhoids

A

internal or external to anus
only external from portal hypertension

same thing as varices just called different

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31
Q

caput medusae

A

build up in umbilical region
looks like snakes under skin

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32
Q

foregut innervations

sympathetics

A

T5-9
sympathetic chain > greater splanchnic nerve > synapse in celiac ganglia > target organs via branches of celiac trunk

visceral afferent also sympathetic (pressure, chemoreceptor)

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33
Q

foregut innervations

parasympathetic

A

vagus C10
celiac plexus > celiac trunk follow > synapse in ganglia in gut plexus > short post synaptic fibers > target organ

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34
Q

midgut innervations

sympathetic

A

T10-T12
sympathetic trunk > lesser splanchnic (10-11) or least splanchnic (12) > synapse @ superior mesenteric ganglion > branches of SMA > organs

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35
Q

midgut innervations

parasympathetic

A

vagus
SM plexus > SMA branches > synapse @ ganglia in gut plexus > short post syn fibers > target organ

same as foregut

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36
Q

hindgut innervations

sympathetics

A

L1-2
sympathetic trunk > lumbar splanchnic nerves > synapse @ inferior mesenteric ganglion > IMA branches> target organ

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37
Q

hindgut innervation

parasympathetic

A

S2-4
pelvic splanchnic nerves > IMA branches > synapse @ ganglia in gut plexus > short post synaptic fibers > target organs

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38
Q

spaces in abdominal cavity

A

greater sac (taken up by liver)
lesser sac (behind liver and stomach)
epiploic foramen (opening to lesser)

basically all potential spaces since things take up space

39
Q

lesser omentum

A

remnant of ventral mesentary
contains 2 ligaments:
1. hepatogastric (liver > stomach)
2. hepatoduodenal (liver > duo)

40
Q

splenic ligaments

A

from dorsal mesentary
lienorenal (spleen > body wall)
gastrosplenic (stomach > spleen)

41
Q

dorsal mesointestine

A

aka frilly skirt
from dorsal mesentary
connect small intestine > body wall

42
Q

dorsal mesentary of large intestines

A

transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon
dorsal mesocolon (most of attachment for secondary retroperitoneal organs)

43
Q

liver

structure

A

right and left lobes split by falciform ligament
ligamentum teres inside falciform
coronary ligament on crown/top
bare area @ superior-posterior portion

bare area target for infections to reach gut cavity

44
Q

falciform ligament

A

remnant of ventral mesentary
connects liver to ventral body wall

45
Q

esophagus

A

muscular organ to move food

has circlular and longitudinal muscles to squeeze and push down

46
Q

stomach

functions

A
  1. reservoir for food
  2. digestive process, main
    aka mechanically churn food/liquid/saliva
    very acidic HCl
    secretions digest proteins
    propel chyme into duodenum
47
Q

stomach

structure

A

circular and longitudinal muscle layers
gastric folds inside to inc surface area when full
superior > inferior:
cardiac zone (closest to esophagus)
gastric and fundic zones
pyloric zone (closest to duodenum)

48
Q

hiatal hernias

A

sliding: less severe, just monitor if will slide down into stomach

paraesophageal: stuck above diaphragm in lung cavity, needs surgery

49
Q

function of small intestine

A
  1. mix food w/ dig enzymes and secretions
    acid neutralized in duodenum, fats digested, carbs digested with pancreatic amylase
  2. absorbs nutrients/electrolytes/water
    iron @ duodenum, vitamin B12 in ileum
  3. moves digesta to colon
50
Q

small intestine

structure

A

ampulla of duodenum w/ Brunner’s glands for acid neutralization
circular folds/valves of kerckring to inc SA
papillas- minor (pancreas only) and major (bile and pancreas secretions)

51
Q

jejunum

small intestine

A

reddish from inc blood flow
thicker walls
less fat that does NOT lay on intestines
-plicae circulares/valves of kerckring to inc SA are larger and more freq
arcades (loopy) and vasa rectae longer

52
Q

ileum

small intestine

A

pinkish
thinner walls
more fat that lays on intestines
plicae circulares sparser
many arcades and shorter vasa rectae

has lymphoid nodules

53
Q

large intestine

function

A

absorb water and electrolytes
produces bacterial digestion (vitamin K) and biotin (hair production)
moves/stores/evac stool

54
Q

appendix

A

appendicitis
can variate (if too high mistaken for gall bladder issue) or situs inversus

55
Q

rectum

A

where feces stored before evac

muscles: internal anal spincter (involuntary)
external anal sphincter (3 parts) voluntary

pectinate line: where endo/ectoderm fuse
ectoderm (below line) has nociception but not endoderm (above line) so might not feel problems

56
Q

liver

main functions

A

protein synthesis
bile production/secretion
carb metabolism/storage
detoxification

is highly regenerative

57
Q

liver

lobes

A

left lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe (next to IVC)
quadrate lobe (b/t gall bladder and falciform lig)
bare area (no visceral mesentary)

58
Q

porta hepatis

contents

A

hepatic portal vein + proper hepatic artery + common bile duct

portal triad

59
Q

gall bladder

function

A

bile storage/concenration/release

doesn’t synthesize anything

60
Q

bile flow

A

gall bladder
cystic duct
common bile duct
sphincter of oddi (gets clogged w/ stones)
major duodenal papilla
deuodenum

61
Q

gall stones

A

treat by removing gall bladder

location matters: if in cystic duct bile still from liver, if in common bile duct then block all bile flow

62
Q

pancreas

function

A
  1. synthesize/secrete enzymes for breakdown organic parts of food
    juice (proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylase)
  2. pancreatic juices delivered to duodenum
  3. endocrine function produces/regulates via blood stream
    insulin, glucagon
63
Q

pancreatic ducts

A

main pancreatic duct (body and tail)
accessory pancreatic duct (head)

drain to sphincter of oddi w/ common bile

64
Q

spleen

functions

A
  1. produce mature WBCs in response to antigens
  2. secrete antibodies
  3. destroy senescent RBC
  4. recycle chemicals from destroyed RBC
  5. reservoir and deploy undifferentiated monocytes

no digestive function, from mesoderm instead of endoderm

65
Q

kidney

function

A
  1. remove excess water, salts, blood wastes (nitrogenous)
  2. return nutrients to blood
  3. secrete hormones to regulate BP and production of RBCs
66
Q

kidney

position

A

spans T12 to L3
R kidney is lower than L bc of liver

67
Q

kidney fat

A

pararenal: outside, behind parietal peritoneum

perirenal: w/i renal fascia

fibrous renal capsule deep to perirenal fat

68
Q

contents of kidney hilum

A
  1. renal arteries, can have many
    -inferior suprarenal branch off
  2. renal vein
  3. renal pelvis > ureter
69
Q

kidney lobes

structure

A

cortex on outside
medulla /pyramids connecting to
renal papilla

minor calicies from each lobe drain to major calices drain to renal pelvis

70
Q

kidney innervation

A

sympathetics T10-L1
some sources say no parasympathetics

71
Q

suprarenal/adrenal gland

A

outer cortex = corticosteroids, androgens
inner adrenal medulla = fight or flight, norepinephrine and epinephrine

72
Q

suprarenal gland

blood supply

A

superior suprarenal from inferior phrenic
middle suprarenal from aorta
inferior suprarenal from renal artery

73
Q

diaphragm openings

A
  1. caval for IVC
  2. esophagus and vagal trunks
  3. aorta and thoracic duct

I 8 (ate) 10 eggs at 12 (noon)

74
Q

diaphragm

other muscles

A

central tendon from septum transversum
right crus- wraps around esophagus
left crus- attaches to central tendon

75
Q

diaphragm innervation

A

motor: phrenic C3,4,5
sensory: phrenic, intercostal T5-11, subcostal T12

76
Q

diaphragm

ligaments

A

lateral arcuate= over quadratus lumborum
medial arcuate= arches over psoas major and minor
median arcuate = arch over aorta

77
Q

posterior wall muscles

A
  1. psoas major
  2. psoas minor
  3. quadratus lumborum
  4. iliacus
78
Q

psoas major

A

L1-3
attaches to lesser trochanter of femur
thigh flexion, side flexion

79
Q

psoas minor

A

L1
attaches to pubic bone
side flexion
some people don’t have

80
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

T12 + L1-4
attaches to iliac crest
back extension aka back bend

81
Q

iliacus

A

L2-4
attaches to lesser trochanter femur like psoas major
thigh flexion
stabilize hips in motion

82
Q

posterior wall innervations

long list

A
  1. iliohypogastric L1 (umbilical>ilium)
  2. iliolinguinal L1 (scrotum/labia)
  3. genitofemoral L1-2 (cremaster)
    -pierces psoas major
  4. lateral femoral cutaneous L2-3 (skin of lateral thigh)
    -runs over iliacus
  5. femoral L2-4 (quads/anterior skin thigh)
    -lateral/under psoas major, iliacus
  6. lumbosacral trunk L4-5 (no direct innervations, joins with sacral to form sciatic)
  7. obturator L2-4 (thigh ADductors)
    -medial to psoas major
83
Q

subcostal

innervations

A

T12
ext. oblique, skin anterolateral abdom wall

84
Q

iliohypogastric

A

L1
abdom muscles and overlying skin

85
Q

iliolinguinal

A

L1
skin of inguinal and pubic regions

86
Q

genitofemoral

A

L1-2
skin below inguinal ligament and cremaster

87
Q

lateral femoral cutaneous

A

L2-3
anterolateral skin of thigh

88
Q

femoral

A

L2-4
iliacus, hip flexors, knee extensors, skin of ant leg

89
Q

obturator

A

L2-4
thigh adductors, skin of medial thigh

90
Q

lumbosacral trunk

A

L4-5
becomes part of sciatic nerve

91
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

common @ split of common iliac arteries bc cholesterol sticks = pressure build up in aorta

92
Q

lumbar arteries

A

off aorta
4 pairs
same as intercostal basically

93
Q

gonadal artery

A

off aorta
can be testicular or ovarian