Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2a Liver and GI > ABCDE of hepatitis > Flashcards

ABCDE of hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver within 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chronic hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver that persists longer that 6 months (by molecular test rather than symptoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of acute hepatitis

A

May be asymptomatic
GI upset
Tiredness
Muscle aches
Abdominal pain
Liver capsule swelling
Jaundice
pale stool and dark urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signs of acute hepatitis

A

Tender hepatomegaly and jaundice

Signs of fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) eg. bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would bloods show for acute hepatitis

A

Raised transaminases and raised bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are viral causes of acute hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A, B, D, C &E
Human herpes viruses (eg HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV)
Influenza, SARS-CoV-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are non-viral, infectious causes of acute hepatitis?

A

Spirochaetes (syphilis)
Mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis)
Bacteria (bartonella)
Parasites (toxoplasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are non-infectious causes of hepatitis

A

Drugs
Alcohol
Other toxins/ poisoning
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Pregnancy
Autoimmune hepatitis
Hereditary metabolic causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are signs of chronic hepatitis

A

May be asymptomatic
Signs of chronic liver disease:
clubbing
Palmar erythema
Dupuytren’s contracture, spider naevi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does compensated chronic hepatitis mean?

A

Liver function is maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would decompensated chronic hepatitis show as?

A

Coagulopathy, jaundice, low albumin, ascites, encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are other complications of chronic hepatitis?

A

HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma)
Portal hypertension (varices, bleeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are infectious causes of chronic hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B, D, C (and E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are non-infectious causes of hepatitis?

A

Drugs
Alcohol
Other toxins/ poisoning
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Autoimmune hepatitis
Hereditary metabolic causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Faeco-orally
contaminated food and water
In high income countries can be due to travel, sex or injecting drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?

A

15-50 days (normally 14-28 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false: hepatitis A is normally asymptomatic in adults?

A

False - normally symptomatic including abdominal pain in pre-iteric phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: hepatitis A is self-limiting and is not a chronic disease?

A

True
Have 100% immunity after infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which immunoglobulin is raised after initial exposure to hepatitis A?

A

anti-HAV IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to manage hepatitis A

A

Monitor liver function
Management of close contacts via vaccines

22
Q

How many genotypes of hepatitis E are there?

A

4 (G1, G2, G3, G4)

23
Q

How is hepatitis E transmitted?

A

Faeco-orally

G1 and G2:
contaminated food and water

G3 and G4:
undercooked meat (mammalian zoonotic reservoir, including pigs)

24
Q

True or false: more than 95% of cases are asymptomatic?

A

True

25
Q

Acute hepatitis is usually s____-l_____

A

self-limiting

26
Q

In G3 and G4 of hepatitis E, there is a risk of chronic infection in i_________ patients

A

immunosuppressed
Rapid progression to cirrhosis

27
Q

Hepatitis E can occasionally cause a____-o_-c_____ liver failure

A

acute-on-chronic

28
Q

How to manage acute infection of hepatitis E?

A

Monitor for fulminant hepatitis / acute-on-chronic liver failure

29
Q

How is chronic hepatitis E managed?

A

Reverse immunosuppression if possible
If persist despite this, give ribavirin for at least 3 months

30
Q

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

A

Blood-borne virus
via blood and bodily fluids
Including mother-to child. Baby vaccinated at birth

also:
household contact, blood products, iatrogenic, occupational, sexual, injecting drug use

31
Q

Over 95% of immunocompetent adults who get acute HBV infection, there is spontaneous r____

A

resolution

32
Q

What can chronic HBV infection cause?

A

Cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

33
Q

What percentage of neonates/infants have development of Hep B to become chronic HBV?

A

90%

34
Q

What does a positive result for Hepatitis B surface antigen test

A

You are currently infected

35
Q

What is the incubation period of acute hepatitis B?

A

30-180 days (mean = 75 days)

36
Q

How is acute hepatitis B managed?

A

Monitor liver function
Management of close contacts

37
Q

Over 95% of acute HVC infection will have…

A

spontaneous resolution

38
Q

What are treatment options for chronic hepatitis B?

A

Pegylated interferon-alpha 2a
or
Oral nucleoside analogues

39
Q

What are side effects of Pegylated interferon-alphas 2a?

A

Flu-like symptoms
Myalgia
autoimmune conditions
Neuropsychiatric problems
Blood dysplasia

40
Q

How does oral nucleoside analogues work?

A

Inhibit viral replication (HBV DNA polymerase)

41
Q

What hepatitis B prevention is there?

A

Antenatal screening of pregnant mothers

Universal childhood immunisation

immunisation of healthcare workers

Screening and immunisation of sexual and household contacts

Sterile equipment in healthcare

42
Q

What does hepatitis D require to replicate?

A

HBsAg (need surface antigen from hepatitis B to “cloak” itself and transmitt)

43
Q

How is Hepatitis D spread?

A

Blood-borne virus
Via blood and bodily fluids

44
Q

True or false: Hepatitis D can be acquired simultaneously or after HBV

A

True

45
Q

How to treat Hepatitis D

A

Pegylated interferon-alpha for 48 weeks, buleviritide

46
Q

How is hepatitis C transmitted?

A

Blood-borne
Via blood and bodily fluids

47
Q

What percentage of acute HCV infections would spontaneously resolve?

A

30%

48
Q

Testing for Hepatitis C

A

HCV antibody test (doesn’t show whether infection is current or not)
HCV RNA (shows whether infection is current)
HCV genotype

49
Q

What treatment is there for hepatitis C?

A

Direct-acting antiviral therapy (DAA)
Have high efficacy, minimal side effects
8-16 weeks, one tablet daily

50
Q

True or false: there is a vaccine for hepatitis C

A

False
no vaccine

51
Q

True or false: previous infection of hepatitis C means no chance of re-infection

A

False

2a Liver and GI (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions