AAW - microbiology/pharmacology Flashcards
MacConkey agar used to identify this
Lactose is KEE in macConKEE’S agar
Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E.coli, Enterobacter, Serratia
What has the K1 capsule
e. coli
what antibiotic class in notorious for causing tendon rupture
fluoroquinolones
mech of doxycycline
tetracycline class
bacteriostatic
binds 30S preventing attachment of aa-tRNA
what is the name for bacteria sex
what is the name for bacteria picking up random DNA from their environment and using it
conjugation
transformation
use of polymyxin
can be used in people but almost never is (except for klebsiella pneumo that is resistant to everything including carbapenems)
kills all gram negative bugs except for neisseria, used in VPN agar to grow neisseria
(vanco, polymyxin, nystatin)
Vanco
mech, tox,
(pay 2 dalas for vandalizing, red man)
inhibits glycosylation (formation of peptidoglycan) by binding D-Ala-D-Alanine residues (which PBP usually binds to) (resistance can occurs with change to D-Ala-D-Lac)
causes red man syndrome (prevent with antihistamines and slow infusion)
well, I’ll tolerate paying you, but I’m NOT happy (can cause Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis)
tazobactam
mech, use for?
penicillinase inhibitor (along with the CAST Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactam)
helps penicillins not get destroyed
use with piperacillin to treat pseudomonas
cefepime
4th gen cephalosporine, cell wall inhibitor
has particularly good action against pseudomonas
imipenem
mech, spec,
it is a broad-spec, beta lactamase resistant carbapenem.
used for pseudomonal
always give with cilastatin (inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase I)’
the old people smoking pipes in the side car (ticarcillin and pipercillic) are IMInently going to die (imipenem)
aztreonam
monobactam
resistant to beta lactamases
binds PBP3
gram negative rods only - no activity against gram positives or anaerobes
used for penicillin allergic patients and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides
a person has a pseudomonal infection, a penicillin allergy, and renal insufficiency
what antibiotic do you give them
aztreonam
only works on gram neg
doesn’t cause penecillin allergy
works with people who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides (renal failure)
fungal infections in patients who are neutropenic
candida, aspergillus (Acute Angles in Aspergillus, you see 45 degree angles hyphae)
mech of the azoles
causes accumulation of toxic sterol by stopping ergosterol synthesis
(block 14-alpha-demethylase)
alpha agonist used for nasal decongestion
phenelepherine
guaifenesin
mucinex
thins mucus
EMB agar is used for
identifying lactose fermenters (grow as purple/black colonies) (like maCkonKEE’S)
ecoli grows as purple colonies with a green sheen
nystatin
binds to ergosterol and forms pores in membranes, same as amphotericin
antifungal
penicilinase inhibitors
Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,
Tazobactam
CAST
common urease positive bugs
all staph proteus (gram -) klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia (gram -) Helicobacter (gram-) nocardia (gram -)
others…
Paramyxoviruses
types
capsid
nucleic acid structre
What is the first thing it does when entering a cell?
PaRaMyxo
Parainfluenza—croup
RSV—bronchiolitis in babies, multinucleated cells; Rx—ribavirin
Measles, Mumps
helical capsid (like all SS - RNA viruses)
SS - RNA
Like all SS - RNA viruses, they first have to make a +RNA strand using their own RNA dependant RNA polymerases no make an mRNA to start translation
what antibiotic chelates with divalent cations
fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines- don’t give with antacids
tiotropium
long acting anticholinergic (muscarinic receptor antagonist) used in asthmatics
Omalizumab
binds to IgE and stops it from binding to mast cell receptors/eosinophils.
stops allergic reaction type stuff
O’maleeeeeeey
first gen antihistamines
second gen
diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, Meclizine
fexofenadine, loratidine, desloratadine cetirizine
P-glycoprotein
Also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). Expressed by some cancer cells (e.g., colon,
liver) to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of r responsiveness
or resistance to chemotherapy over time).
also found inside the CNS. Pumps out some drugs so that they don’t work in the brain such as second gen antihistamines
steroids that are usually given in the aeresolized form
Budesonide
Fluticasone
protamine
give to reverse heparin
Tx for TB
RIPE
Rifamycins- Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Four R’s: Ramps up P-450, Red body fluids, Rapid resistance, RNA polymerase inhibitor
Isoniazid- Decrease synthesis of mycolic acids. Can be used prophylaxis. Can cause functional B6 deficiency
Pyrazinamide- Unknown. Maybe thought to acidify intracellular environment via conversion to pyrazinoic acid. Membrane disruption?
Ethambutol- Decrease carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wall by blocking arabinosyltransferase
virus with eight segments
what is it?
Orthomyxoviruses, including influenza
the only baltimore type IV virus to have a helical capsid
coronavirus
all the other type IVs are icosahedral
MAOIs mneumonic
Toxicity
don’t take with
MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai
Tranylcypromine
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Selegiline (selective for MAO-B)
SE: hypertensive crisis (w/ ingestion of tyramine, found in wine and cheese)
don’t take with SSRIs, TCAs, St. johns wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan
methylphenidate
aka ritalin
works similarly to amphetamines
releases NE stores.
clonidine
mech
use
SE
alpha-2 agonist
used for hypertensive urgency and does not decrease renal blood flow
used for ADHD, severe pain
SE: Parasympathetic activation (CNS depression, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, small pupil)
alpha-methyldopa
mech
use
SE
used in hypertension in pregnancy
alpha 2 agonist
SE: direct Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, SLE like syndrome
mirtazapine
mech
use
SE
alpha2 blocker
atypical antidepressant
increases the release of NE and 5-HT by way of antagonizing alpha 2 receptors, AND antagonizes 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors
ideal patient would be a depressed anorexic insomniac
guanethidine
inhibits NE release from neurons stopping hypertension
not used anymore
triamterene
potassium sparing diuretic
the K STAys
spironolactone
triamterene
amiloride
what does it mean if something grows on mannitol salt agar
it can ferment mannose
it’s probably staph a.
catalase positive organisms seen in chronic granulomatous disease
PLACESS for your CATs
Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. Coli Staph A. Serratia
eaton agar use to colonize
mycoplasma pneumoniae
what grows on sabouraud agar
cryptococcus neoformans
cryptosporidium (protozoa)
what kind of bug “swarms” on agar
Proteus mirabilis
because it has motility
its assc with struvite stones because it has urease, which can ferment urea to ammonia, which can raise the pH of the urine
nifedipine
calcium channel blocker
flumazenil
competitive benzodiazepine antagonist
buprenorphine
what is it commonly mixed with in order to prevent abuse
with naloxone
Partial agonist; long acting with fewer withdrawal symptoms than methadone. Naloxone is not
active when taken orally, so withdrawal symptoms occur only if injected (lower abuse potential)
mech of typical antipsychotics
all typical antipsychotics block dopamine D2 receptors (increase cAMP)
the high and low potency antipsychotics
haloperidol plus the -azines
High potency: Trifluoperazine, Fluphenazine,
Haloperidol (Try to Fly High)—neurologic
side effects (EPS symptoms).
Low potency: Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine
(Cheating Thieves are low)—non-neurologic
side effects (anticholinergic, antihistamine,
and α
1-blockade effects).
what antipsychotic gives you corneal deposits
Chlorpromazine - Corneal
what antipsychotic gives you retinal deposits
Thioridazine - reTinal
SE of antipsychotics
tardive dyskinesia - Tx is benztropine or diphenhydramine
hyperprolactinemia
Side effects arising from blocking muscarinic
(dry mouth, constipation), α1 (hypotension),
and histamine (sedation) receptors
what drugs can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome and what is it
typical antipsychotics
rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability,
hyperpyrexia. Treatment: dantrolene, D2
agonists (e.g., bromocriptine)
For NMS, think FEVER: Fever Encephalopathy Vitals unstable Enzymes up Rigidity of muscles
atypical antipsychotics
Olanzapine (may cause obesity), clozapine (obesity, agranulocytosis), quetiapine, risperidone (may increase prolactin),
aripiprazole, ziprasidone.
It’s atypical for OL ZAPING CLOZets to QUETIly RISPER from ARI to ZIP
buspirone mech and SE
for Generalized anxiety disorder. Does not cause
sedation, addiction, or tolerance. Takes 1–2
weeks to take effect. Does not interact with
alcohol (vs. barbiturates, benzodiazepines).
I’m always anxious if the BUS in ON time
stimulates 5-HT1a receptors
bupropion mech use, SE
increases release of NE and dopamine through unknown mech
atypical antidepressant used for smoking cessation
headache, stimulant effects, seizure in bulimic patients
no sexual SE
name the SSRIs
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram.
The FLu PARalazes Sertain Citizens
treatment for serotonin syndrome
cyproheptadine
serotonin receptor antagonist
the SNRIs
SE
Venlafaxine, duloxetine
increase in blood pressure
SE of tricyclics
Tri-C’s: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias); also respiratory depression,
hyperpyrexia. Confusion and hallucinations in elderly due to anticholinergic side effects (use
nortriptyline) . Treatment: NaHCO3 for cardiovascular toxicity.
list of MAOI
Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Selegiline
WARNING: if you were not involved in the creation of this mnemonic it may not work for you
MAO is a tranny, who buys those pesky phenelzines at the mall of america, but he is ISOlated in his CAR because he cannot SELEct the one he wants
if you ingest tyramine and get a hypertensive crisis, what drugs are you most likely on
MAOI
trazodone
Primarily blocks 5-HT2 and α1-adrenergic
receptors. Used primarily for insomnia, as high
doses are needed for antidepressant effects.
Toxicity: sedation, nausea, priapism, postural
hypotension.
trazoBONE for male SE
valproic acid
aka depakote
mood stabilizer
what antidepressant do you not give to people that are bulemic
bupropion
people on bupropion are at a higher risk for seizure, and people with bulimia can have electrolyte imbalances which can lead to seizure
bupropion is not appropriate for bulemia
drug used for narcolepsy
modafinil
what drug is used to treat bipolar disorder that can cause polyuria?
what congenital abnormalities can it cause?
lithium
ebstein anomaly, where the tricuspid valve is displaced inferiorly
phencyclidine
aka PCP
causes fever, agitation, vertical and horizontal nystagmus, tachycardia, delirium, etc
pimozide
antipsychotic used often to treat tourettes
drugs you can use in people with DTs and liver failure
benzos in general for DTs (stimulate GABA receptor)
OTL: Out The Liver; Oxazepam, Temazepam, Lorazepam
bone related stuff you are worried about with people on PPIs
hip fractures
common bacteria that cause dental plaques
S. mutans
they are in the mouth because they are not scared Of-The-Chin
(optochin resistant)
amphotericin B mech
supplement with
SE
binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane and creates pores
supplement with K and Mg because of altered renal tubule permeability
SE: fever/chills “shake and bake”, hypotension, nephrotoxic in like 80%, arrhythmias, anemia, IV phlebitis (“amphoterrible”)
-Azole mech
SE
prevents ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol
Testosterone synthesis inhibition (gynecomastia, esp. with ketoconazole), liver dysfunction (inhibits cytochrome P-450
nystatin mech
usage
binds ergosterol and makes pores in fungal membrane
only used topically because too toxic for systemic use
“Swish and swallow” for oral candidiasis, topical for diaper rash, vaginal candidiasis
terbinafine mech
SE
inhibits squalene epoxidase
headaches, GI upset, taste disturbance
Caspofungin
Micafungin
Anidulafungin
mech
inhibit cell wall synthesis in fungal cells
what do you typically give in aids patients to prevent cryptococcal meningitis
Fluconazole
cryptic flu
flucytosine mech\tox\usage
inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase
bone marrow suppression
used for systemic fungal infections esp meningitis cause by cryptococcus in combination with amphotericin B
EBV virus catagory
herpes virus number 4
double stranded DNA linear, envoloped
helicobacter pylori classification
gram -
comma shaped, catalase and oxidase +
Urease + (makes ammonia from urea, which can raise the pH in its local environment and help it live in the acidic region of the stomach)
cancers assc with H. pylori
MALT lymphoma (mucosa-assc lymphoid tissue)
tumor of B cells, long term inflammation is the culprit
Gastric adenocarcinoma - intestinal type
tumor of epithelial cells with which H. pylori is a risk factor in 65-80% of cases.
what adrenergic receptor causes an increase in phospholipace c
Alpha 1
causes smooth muscle contraction by increasing calcium conc.
Giemsa stain looks for what
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae,
Trypanosomes, Plasmodium.
(chlamydia, tick borne, chagas, and malaria)
place holder
place holder
clarithromycin
bacteriostatic
50s inhibitor
acid stable
CYP3A4 metabolism
used for H.pylori
tetracycline
bacteriostatic
30s inhibitor
photosensitivity
discoloration of growing teeth (no pregs or kids)
chelates with divalent cations
you have 30 tetras in a fish tank who don’t like the bright fluorescent lights. You cannot dump a bunch of divalent cations into your fish tank
give with food to tx GI stuff (decrease absorption)
rifabutin
Bactericidal. Inhibits bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
hypersensitivity, hepatotox, inhibit CYP450, stains body fluids orange-red
Rifampin RAMPS up cytochrome p-450, BUT rifaBUTin dues not
used for M. avium-intracellulare prophylaxis with axithromycin
metronidazole
creates free radicals in the bacterial cell that damage DNA
anaerobic infection below the diaphragm
used for C.diff
part of triple therapy for h.pylori with ppi and clarithromycin
used for trichomonas
also used for protozoans like giardia, entamoeba
disulfiram-like reaction
piemzipine
antimuscarinic
ppis
Prazoles
H2 blockers
tidines
cimetidine - least potent famotidine - most potent nizatidine ranitidine roxatidine
inhibits CYP450
aluminum hydroxide
antacid - all can cause hypokalemia
overuse: Constipation and hypophosphatemia; proximal
muscle weakness, osteodystrophy, seizures
Aluminimum amount of feces.
magnesium hydroxide
antacid - all can cause hypokalemia
overuse: osmotic diarrhea, hyporeflexia, hypotension, cardiac arrest (hypermagnesemia if renally insufficient)
Mg = Must Go to bathroom
calcium carbonate
antacid - all can cause hypokalemia
overuse: belching (from the carbs), mild metabolic alkalosis, rebound acid secretion
Hypercalcemia in pts w/ impaired renal function if taken with dairy products (milk-alkali syndrome).
sodium bicarb
antacid - all can cause hypokalemia
aka alka seltzer - rapid onset of action
overuse: belching (from the carbs), can cause severe metabolic alkalosis, milk-alkali sx, fluid retention
bismuth subsalicylate
aka peptobismol
coats surface
sucralfate
acid converts it into paste and it sticks to ulcers
constipation
for stress induced ulcer in ICU
Misoprostol
replaced PGs
BAD SE: diarrhea, severe nausia, cramping,
used to cause abortions
what drug do you give for hypertriglyceridemia?
Mech?
SE?
fibrates, which activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha), a nuclear transcription factor, which increases lipoprotein triglyceride lysis via lipoprotein lipase
SE: **Myositis (increased risk with concurrent statins), Hepatotox, cholesterol gallstones (ESP with bile acid resins)
ribavirin
mech
use
used for RSV (in babies), HCV
blocks guanine nucleotide synthesis
gram pos (with LPS!)
bacilus
no spores
Listeria Monocytogenes
gram neg
comma shaped, oxidase positive
has A-B toxin, grows in alkaline media
Vibrio cholera
gram pos bacili spore-forming obligate anaerobe non-motile
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
gram - bacili (spiral) microaerophilic motile cold sensitive
in what aninals?
campylobacter jejuni
poultry
guillain-barre syndrome assc with what bacteria
campylobacter jejuni
gram -
bacili
lactose non fermenter
oxidase negative
name all
shigella
salmonella
proteus
yersinia
diarrhea (often bloody)
fever
stomach cramps
does not produce hydrogen sulfide
was passed through feces and not food
shigella spp.
no flagella, cell to cell transmission; no hematogenous spread, only reservoirs are humans and primates
shiga toxin mech and manifestations
binds to Gb3 receptors on the colonic epithelial cells.
the A subunit is what enters the cell, inactivates the ribosome 60s
get dysentery, enhanced cytokine release, hemolytic uremic syndrome
STEC aka VTEC or EHEC
what kind of toxin
shiga like
0157 is what
EHEC responsible for outbreaks
enterotoxigenic e. coli (ETEC)
toxin
heat-labile toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP), increases Cl− secretion in gut and H2O efflux
heat-stable toxin
Overactivates guanylate
cyclase (increases cGMP), decreases resorption of NaCl
and H2O in gut
causes watery diarrhea “travelers diarrhea”
labile in the Air
stable on the Ground
cholera toxin
Overactivates adenylate
cyclase (increases cAMP) by
permanently activating Gs. increased Cl− secretion in gut
and H2O efflux
“rice water” diarrhea (looks like white slightly opaque water)
source of S. typhi
untreated water
GI bacterial infecition that is gram variable
C. diff
Anti-HAV (IgM)
Anti-HAV (IgG)
HBsAg
Anti-HBs
HBcAg
Anti-HBc
HBeAg
Anti-HBe
what do they mean
Anti-HAV (IgM) IgM antibody to HAV; best test to detect active hepatitis A.
Anti-HAV (IgG) IgG antibody indicates prior HAV infection and/or prior vaccination; protects against reinfection.
HBsAg Antigen found on surface of HBV; indicates hepatitis B infection.
Anti-HBs Antibody to HBsAg; indicates immunity to hepatitis B.
HBcAg Antigen associated with core of HBV.
Anti-HBc Antibody to HBcAg; IgM = acute/recent infection; IgG = prior exposure or chronic infection.
Positive during window period.
HBeAg A second, different antigenic determinant in the HBV core. HBeAg indicates active viral
replication and therefore high transmissibility.
Anti-HBe Antibody to HBeAg; indicates low transmissibility.
Mneumonic for macrolide side effects
MACRO
gastric Motility problems Arrhythmia (MACRO sized QT) acute Cholestatic hepatitis Rash eOsinophilia
also you know from another mneumonic that they inhibit CYP-p450
name a 5-HT3 antagonist
ondansetron
sumatriptan mech
5-HT1B/1D agonist. Inhibits trigeminal nerve activation; prevents vasoactive peptide release; induces vasoconstriction.
used for acute migraine, cluster headache attacks.
contraindicated in patients with CAD or prinzmetal angina because you can get coronary vasospasm
what stimulates 5-HT1A receptors?
buspirone, used for GAD. does not interact with alcohol.
name a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
cyproheptadine, used to treat toxicity of SSRIs
what increases the release of NE and 5-HT by way of antagonizing alpha 2 receptors, AND antagonizes 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors
Mirtazapine, and atypical antidepressant
can cause sedation (may help a depressed dude sleep)
and may cause increased appetite
Tumbling motility, meningitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk and deli meats
Listeria monocytogenes
gram positive, branching filaments, acid fast
norcardia
rilouzole
for LOU gehrig disease (ALS), give rilouzole
common cause of toxic shock syndrome and what causes it
leaving medical gauze or a tampon in too long
staph A. super antigen TSST-1
(it’s like lightning bolt cape - the cape stands for “super” (super antigen) and the lightning bolt for shock (toxic shock syndrome))
strep pyo causes toxic shock like syndrome (beefy red tounge, red skin sparing the face)
bug that causes erysipelas most commonly
strep pyo
group A beta hemolytic,
what molecule makes up the strep capsule?
Hyaluronic acid
redness and swelling of the toung - what exotoxin? What disease?
streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin - in scarlet fever
necrotizing fasciitis - what bug, what antigen?
strep pyo
superantigen B (SpeB) (the gingerbread man is Burnt, and his leg is falling off)
(SpeA and SpeC are the superantigens that cause TSLS)
what does streptokinase do
converts plasminogen to plasmin
is produced by strep pyo, but is also given during an MI
uses for first gen cephalosporins and their names
cefazolin, cephalexin
PEcK the cocci
Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and gram positive cocci
mech of acyclovir?
used to treat?
advantages of valacyclovir? what about famciclovir?
inactive precursor that is activated by viral thymidine kinase (treats HSV, VSV, weak activity against EBV) when absorbed by infected cells. Used for herpes encephalitis
when activated, it forms a guanine analog that results in chain termination when read by a viral DNA polymerase
valcyclovir, a prodrug of acyclovir, has better oral bioavailability
famciclovir works better against VSV
arnold chiari I malformation
what associated spinal cord thing are you thinking of and what tract can be damaged
syringomyelia
damages the anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract, get bilateral loss of pain and temp in cape like distributions
intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
what you think
cowdry type A bodies (HSV/VSV or CMV)
interferon
alpha
beta
gamma
used to treat what?
alpha - hep B and C, kaposi’s sarcoma, malignant melanoma, leukemias
beta - MS
gamma - chronic “gammalomatous” (granulomatous) disease
most common cause of otitis externa
pseudomonas aeruginosa
followed by staph epi
cervical disk C6-C7 is herniated
what nerve root is damaged
C7
trastuzumab
aka herceptin
monoclonal antibody against HER-2/neu receptor (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)
tras2zimab for HER2
also HERceptin damages the HEART
alemtuzumab
targets what
treats what
targets CD53
used for CLL
“ALYMtuzumab” for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Bevacizumab
targets what
treats what
VEGF
colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma
I ate a bunch of VEGtables at mark and BEV’s house, so I can keep my colon and my kidney free of cancer
cetuximab
targets what
treats what
EGFR
Stage IV colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer
CET a TUX on your epithelial cells
Rituximab
targets what
treats what
CD20
NHL, RA (with MTX), ITP
a 20 year old with a ritzy tux plays hockey (NHL), but he has rheumatoid arthritis and ITP (i dunno…)
Infliximab
targets what
treats what
TNF-alpha
IBD, RA, Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis
A DALI lamma INFLIX pain on TNF (ADALImumab is the other that works on TNF-alpha)
natalizumab
targets what
treats what
alpha4-integrin - involved in leukocyte adhesion
multiple sclerosis, crohn’s
natalie crohn has MS
risk of PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) in patients with LC virus
denosumab
targets what
treats what
RANKL
osteoporosis; inhibits osteoclast maturation
a DEN full of BONES
palivizumab
targets what
treats what
targets RSV F protein
RSV prophylaxis for high-risk infants
be a PAL to little kids and stop them from getting a cough.
cefoperazone
third gen cephalosporin that has good activity against pseudomonas
ceftazidimide
third gen cephalosporin that has good activity against pseudomonas
pentamidine
used to treat pneumocystis jirovecii, esp in patients who have a sulfa allergy to TMP-SMX
single cell yeast endospore containing spherules
coccidioides
DDx for raised red lesions on body in a person with an immunocomprimised state
bacilliary angiomatosis - caused by bartonella - warthin-starry stain
kaposi sarcoma - HHV8
mech of sulfonamides
inhibition of dihydropteroate synthesis (by PABA antimetobolites), thus inhibiting folate synthesis
etanercept
etanercept is a TNF decoy reCEPTor
azathioprine
antimetabolite precursor of 6-MP!
inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by blocking nucleotide synthesis
immunosuppressive, can cause leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
degraded by xanthine oxidase, toxicity is increased by allopurinol
Mnemonic for non-receptor tyrosine kinase acting endocrine hormones
Prolactin Immunomodulators GH G-CSF Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin
PIGG-ET
Acid grows tits (acidophiles), immunomodulators, and marrow
JAK/STAT pathway
