AAW - High-yield rate limiting steps in biochemistry Flashcards
Glycolysis
Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
positive regulators: AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
neg reg: ATP, citrate
Gluconeogenesis
Enzyme: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (PEP-ck also plays a role by getting oxaloacetate out of the krebbs cycle by converting it into phosphoenolpyruvate)
neg reg: AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
TCA cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase
pos reg: ADP
neg reg: ATP, NADH
Glycogenesis
glycogen synthase
Glucose-6-phosphate ⊕, insulin ⊕, cortisol ⊕
Epinephrine ⊝, glucagon ⊝
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Epinephrine ⊕, glucagon ⊕, AMP ⊕
Glucose-6-phosphate ⊝, insulin ⊝, ATP ⊝
HMP shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
NADP+ ⊕
NADPH ⊝
De novo pyrimidine
synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
ATP ⊕, PRPP ⊕
UTP ⊝
De novo purine
synthesis
Glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
(PRPP) amidotransferase
AMP ⊝, inosine monophosphate (IMP) ⊝,
GMP ⊝
Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
N-acetylglutamate ⊕
Fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Insulin ⊕, citrate ⊕
Glucagon ⊝, palmitoyl-CoA ⊝
Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Malonyl-CoA ⊝
Ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
Cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
Insulin ⊕, thyroxine ⊕
Glucagon ⊝, cholesterol ⊝