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Anatomy Y2 S3 > A5 - Cranial nerves > Flashcards

A5 - Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the afferent modalities?

A

General somatic sensory
General visceral sensory
Special somatic sensory
Special visceral sensory

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2
Q

What sensations do general vs special afferent modalities transmit?

A

General = touch, pressure, pain, vibration
Special = vision, hearing, taste, smell

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3
Q

What information does SSS modality carry?

A

SSS: Special somatic sensory; special senses derived from the ectoderm, i.e. retina, cochlear and vestibular = sight, sound and balance

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4
Q

What information does SVS modality carry?

A

SVS: Special visceral sensory; special senses derived from the endoderm, i.e. smell and taste

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5
Q

What information does GSS and GVS carry?

A

GSS: General somatic sensory; general sensation from the skin, muscles and joints
GVS: General visceral sensory; general sensation from organs

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6
Q

What are the names of efferent modalities?

A

General somatic motor
General visceral motor
Special visceral motor

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7
Q

What’s the difference between general and special efferent modalities?

A

General = any muscle not derived from pharyngeal arches
Special = any muscle derived from pharyngeal arches, i.e. muscles of the larynx, pharynx, facial expression

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8
Q

What information does GSM transmit?

A

GSM: General somatic motor; voluntary control of skeletal muscles (including extra-ocular muscles)

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9
Q

What information does GVM transmit?

A

General visceral motor; involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands

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10
Q

What information does SVM transmit?

A

Innervates muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

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11
Q

For cranial nerve I:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Olfactory nerve
Exits via cribiform plate
Nuclei: olfactory bulb

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12
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve I?

A

Modality = sensory (SVS)
Function = smell

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13
Q

For cranial nerve II:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Optic nerve
Exits via optic canal
Nuclei: lateral geniculate nucleus

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14
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve II?

A

Modality = sensory (SVS)
Function = vision (innervates retina)

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15
Q

For cranial nerve III:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Oculomotor nerve
Exits via superior orbital fissure
Nuclei: occulomotor nuclei and Edwinger-Westphal nuclei

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16
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve III?

A

Modalities = motor (GSM and SVM)
GSM function: 4 extra-ocular muscles and levator palpebrae superioris muscle
SVM function: sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle of eye

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17
Q

For cranial nerve IV:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Trochlear nerve
Exits via superior orbital fissure
Trochlear nucleus

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18
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve IV?

A

Modality = motor (GSE)
Function: innervates superior oblique muscle

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19
Q

For cranial nerve V, list its 3 main branches and their:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Trigeminal nerve, branches into ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3)

V1= superior orbital fissure
V2= foramen rotundum
V3= foramen ovale

Nuclei for all: trigeminal motor and sensory nuclei

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20
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve V1?

A

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal:
Modality = GSS
Function = sensation to scalp, forehead and nose, dura mater

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21
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve V2?

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal:
Modality = GSS
Function = sensation to cheeks, lower eyelid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth, palate

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22
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve V3?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal:
Modality = GSS and SVM
GSS function = sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue, skin over mandible and lower teeth
SVM function = muscles of mastication (chewing) and tensor tympani

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23
Q

For cranial nerve VI:
- Name
- Exit from the skull
- Nuclei

A

Abducens nerve
Exit via superior orbital fissure
Nuclei: abducens nucleus

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24
Q

What is the modality and function of cranial nerve VI?

A

Modality = GSM
Function = innervates lateral rectus muscle

25
For cranial nerve VII: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Facial nerve Exits via internal auditory meatus then stylomastoid foramen Nuclei: facial nucleus, nucleus solitarius and superior salivatory nucleus
26
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve VII?
GSS: sensation to external ear SVS: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, hard and soft palate GVM: innervation to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual and mucous glands SVM: facial expression muscles, stapedius
27
For cranial nerve VIII: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Vestibulocochlear nerve Exits via internal auditory meatus Nuclei: vestibular and cochlear nuclei
28
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve VIII?
Modality: SSS Function: hearing and balance
29
For cranial nerve IX: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Glossopharyngeal nerve Exits via jugular foramen Nuclei: trigeminal sensory nucleus, nucleus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivatory nucleus
30
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve IX?
GSS: posterior 1/3 of tongue, external ear, middle ear cavity, eustachian tube GVS: carotid body and sinus SVS: taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue GVM: parotid gland SVM: innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and internal pharyngeal muscles
31
For cranial nerve X: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Vagus nerve Exits via jugular foramen Nuclei: trigeminal sensory nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, nucleus solitarius and nucleus ambiguus
32
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve X?
GSS: external ear, larynx, pharynx GVS: larynx, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera, aortic bodies SVS: taste from epiglottis region of tongue GVM: smooth muscles of larynx, pharynx and most of GI tract SVM: innervates most muscles of larynx and pharynx
33
For cranial nerve XI: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Accessory (spinal) Exits via jugular foramen Nuclei: spinal cord
34
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve XI?
Modality: motor (GSM) GSM= trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
35
For cranial nerve XII: - Name - Exit from the skull - Nuclei
Hypoglossal nerve Exits via hypoglossal canal Nuclei: hypoglossal nucleus
36
What is the modality and function of cranial nerve XII?
Modality: motor (GSM) GSM = innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except palatoglossus
37
What modality represents parasympathetic innervation and which cranial nerves possess this?
GSM - general somatic motor Think 1973 - nerves 10, 9, 7, 3 = vagus, glossopharyngeal, facial, oculomotor
38
Describe the path of the facial nerve
1- Enters skull via internal acoustic meatus (with CN VIII) into middle ear 2- Gives off 3 branches 3- Exits via stylomastoid foramen (found on bottom of skull between styloid process and mastoid process) 4- outside the skull it wraps around to go through the parotid gland where it gives off 5 branches
39
What are the 3 subnuclei of the trigeminal nerve?
Chief sensory - touch and pressure Spinal nucleus - pain and temperature Mesencephalic - proprioceptive afferents from muscle of mastication and TMJ
40
What branches does the ophthalmic (V1) nerve give off?
Frontal Lacrimal Nasociliary
41
What branches does the maxillary (V2) nerve give off and where?
Gives off branches in pterygopalatine fossa: Zygomatic Infraorbital Anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar Greater and lesser palatine Nasopalatine
42
What branches does the mandibular (V3) nerve give off and where?
Gives off branches in the infratemporal fossa: Buccal * Deep temporal Muscular branches Auriculotemporal * Lingual Inferior alveolar Mental * Incisive *= most important
43
What ganglion does the facial nerve form in the facial canal?
Geniculate ganglion
44
What are the first 3 branches of the facial nerve? Give their roles
Greater petrosal - for taste and parasympathetic Nerve to stapedius - motor innervation Chorda tympani - taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue and parsympathetic to sublingual and submaxillary glands
45
What are the 5 branches the facial nerve gives off in the parotid gland?
Temporal (frontal) Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
46
What is a good way to roughly see where each of the 5 facial nerve branches extends?
Hold heel of hand against ear, thumb directing up to forehead and pinky down to neck Each finger act as a branch, i.e. thumb = temporal (forehead), index = zygomatic (just under eye), middle finger = buccal (cheek) etc.
47
From what part of the brainstem do cranial nerves III- XII arise?
III: midbrain- pontine junction IV: midbrain V: pons VI- VIII: pons-medullary junction IX - XI: medulla, posterior to the olive XII: medulla, anterior to the olive
48
Where are the 2 roots of the spinal accessory nerve found?
Cranial root = lateral aspect of medulla, inferior part of nucleus ambiguus Spinal root = ventral horn of grey matter between C1-C5
49
What muscles does the hypoglossal nerve pass between?
Between mylohyoid and hypoglossus (tongue) muscles, lies lateral to genioglossus muscle
50
What is papilloedema and how can it be caused?
Oedema/ swelling of the optic nerve Caused by increased intracranial pressure, because the optic nerve is enveloped in meninges and CSF so raising the pressure pushes CSF out into the eye
51
Which cranial nerve is the only one to arise from the posterior aspect of the brainstem?
Trochlear
52
What does the trigeminal ganglion contain?
Nerve cell bodies of first order sensory neurones
53
What are the 2 terminal branches of the frontal branch of V1?
Supratrochlear Supraorbital
54
What is the terminal branch of V2?
Infraorbital nerve
55
Where are nerve cell bodies of UMN that supply the lower limb located?
Precentral gyrus within longitudinal fissure
56
Give the location and roles of the 3 parts of the trigeminal nuclei
Mesencephalic: midbrain - proprioception Chief: pons - touch and pressure Spinal: medulla - pain and temperature
57
What does the mesencephalic nucleus contain?
Nerve cell bodies of primary neurones (not secondary like other proprioceptive pathways)
58
Which side would the tongue deviate to if a patient had: - UMN lesion on R side or - LMN lesion on R side
UMN lesion on R side = tongue deviate to left LMN on R side = tongue deviate to right
59
Which tract might transmit dull, aching pain?
Spinoreticulothalamic

Anatomy Y2 S3 (12 decks)

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