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Anatomy Y2 S3 > A2 - Vertebral column > Flashcards

A2 - Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

1- Protection: encloses spinal cord in spinal canal
2: Support: weight of body above pelvis
3: Axis: central axis of the body
4: Movement and posture

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2
Q

What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Primary: in foetus, concave
- Thoracic
- Sacral

Secondary: develops later in life, convex
- Cervical
- Lumbar

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3
Q

When do the secondary curvatures of the spine develop?

A

Cervical - develops around 6 months (when baby learns to hold head up)
Lumbar - develops at around 1 year (balance and walking)

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4
Q

What is kyphosis? What can it be caused by?

A

Spine is curving drastically outwards in the thoracic region
Cause: erosion of the anterior part of 1 or more vertebrae

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5
Q

What is lordosis? What can it be caused by?

A

Spine curves drastically inwards at the lumbar spine
Cause: weakened trunk and obesity

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6
Q

When does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 - L2

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7
Q

What level is the conus medullaris at?

A

L1

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8
Q

What is the joint between adjacent vertebrae?

A

Zygopophyseal (facet) joint: synovial articulation between superior and inferior facets of adjacent vertebrae

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9
Q

What are zygopophyseal joints strengthened by?

A
  • Ligamentum flavum: between lamina of adjacent vertebrae
  • Interspinous ligament: between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
  • Supraspinous ligament: between tips of adjacent vertebral spines
  • Intertransverse ligament: between adjacent transverse processes
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10
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament referred to as in the cervical spine?

A

Nuchal ligament

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11
Q

What 2 ligaments strengthen the vertebral column?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament: thick, prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament: weaker, prevents hyperflexion

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12
Q

What articulates at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial articulation between occipital condyles and superior facets of C1

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13
Q

What articulates at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Synovial articulation between dens and lateral mass of C2, with the anterior arch and lateral mass of C1

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14
Q

What ligament is unique to the lumbar spine?

A

Iliolumbar ligament - strengthens the lumbosacral joint (L5/S1)

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15
Q

Where does the apical ligament attach?

A

Odontoid process to anterior margin of foramen magnum

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16
Q

Where does the alar ligament attach?

A

Odontoid process to the medial side of the occipital condyles

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17
Q

Where does the cruciate ligament attach (transverse and vertical parts)?

A

Transverse: inner aspect of each lateral mass, holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas
Vertical: between the posterior surface of the body of axis and anterior border of the foramen magnum

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18
Q

Where are the internal and external venous plexuses? Which drains into the other?

A

Internal - inside the vertebral foramen/ canal
External - outside the vertebrae

Internal drains into the external plexus

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19
Q

What is the basivertebral vein? Where is it found?

A

Joins the venous plexuses draining the vertebrae
it lies across the body

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20
Q

What are the 2 arteries supplying blood to the vertebral column and where are they derived?

A

Anterior spinal: from vertebral arteries
Posterior spinal: from vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

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21
Q

What articulates at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Synovial articulation between dens and lateral mass of C2, with the anterior arch and lateral mass of C1

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22
Q

List the features of a typical vertebrae

A

Spinous process - posteriorly
Lamina - connects transverse and spinous processes
Superior articular processes - form joints between vertebrae
Pedicles - connects vertebral body to transverse processes
Transverse processes - extend laterally and posteriorly (in thoracic vertebrae they articulate with ribs)

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23
Q

What features distinguish cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Bifid spinous process: bifurcates except for C1 (no spinous process) and C7
  • Transverse foramina: opening in transverse processes, where vertebral vessels pass through
  • Triangular shaped vertebral foramen
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24
Q

What features distinguish C1 vertebrae?

A

Lack of spinous process
Has lateral masses (area around superior articular facet) - where transverse processes arise off

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25
Q

What features distinguish C2 vertebrae?

A

Dens / odontoid process

26
Q

What features distinguish C7 vertebrae?

A

Long and thin spinous process

27
Q

What features distinguish thoracic vertebrae?

A

Demi-facets: 2x, to articulate with heads of 2 ribs
Costal facet: on transverse process, articulates with the shaft of the rib
Long and thin spinous process - points down and behind
Circular vertebral foramen
Vertebral body is heart-shaped

28
Q

What features distinguish lumbar vertebrae?

A

Large, kidney-bean shaped vertebral bodies
Triangular vertebral foramen
Shorter spinous processes that are quadrangular (not a thin projection)

29
Q

For zygopophyseal joints:
- What type joint is it?
- What movement is allowed?

A

Synovial type joint
Movements: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

30
Q

What type of joint is it between vertebral bodies?

A

Symphysis joint - a secondary cartilaginous joint
Indirect joint - intervertebral disc between

31
Q

What joints make up the atlanto-axial joint and what type are they?

A

1 x median atlanto-axial joint = pivot-type
Between the dens of C2 and articular facet of C1

2 x lateral atlanto-axial joint = plane-type
Between inferior and superior facets of C1 and C2

32
Q

What movement can occur at atlanto-axial joints?

A

Principle action: axial rotation
Limited flexion, extension and lateral flexion

33
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Condyloid (synovial joint)

34
Q

What movement can occur at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Principle actions: flexion and extension
Limited lateral flexion

35
Q

What ligaments support the atlanto-occipital joint

A

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: connects the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: connects the arch of the atlas to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum

36
Q

What articulates at the costovertebral joints?

A

Head of the rib articulates with:
- Superior costal facet of corresponding vertebrae
- inferior costal facet of superior vertebrae
- Intervertebral disc separating the 2 vertebrae

37
Q

What type joint is the costovertebral joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

38
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

Peripheral part of the intervertebral disc

Binds to anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, inserts into epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body. Has concentric layers of fibrocartilage.

39
Q

What is the nucleus pulposis? what is it composed of?

A

Central core of the intervertebral disc

Composed of semiliquid gelatinous structure, approx 90% water at birth and 70% at old age. The liquid structure means it can change shape and permit movement. It is avascular.

40
Q

Where do spinal nerves run?

A

They pass through the foramina that is below the corresponding vertebrae, unless its cervical verebrae and then the spinal nerves run above

41
Q

What is the filum terminalis?

A

Non-functional continuation of the spinal cord (fibrous tissue)

42
Q

How are the dorsal and ventral rami formed?

A

Dorsal horn -> dorsal root
Ventral horn -> ventral root

Dorsal + ventral root -> spinal nerve
Spinal nerve -> dorsal and ventral rami

43
Q

What fibres do the spinal nerve, dorsal rami and ventral rami contain?

A

They all contain both sensory and motor fibres

44
Q

Where does the spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal? What does it split into?

A

Via intervertebral foramina, splits into:
- Posterior rami = synovial joints of vertebral column, deep muscles of back, overlying skin
- Anterior rami = remainder of body

45
Q

What is the number of spinal segments in each part of the vertebral column?

A

C: 8
T: 12
L: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccyx: 1

46
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S2

47
Q

What are the motor functions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Innervates muscles of posterior thigh and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus.
Also indirectly innervates leg and foot muscles via its terminal branches

48
Q

What are the sensory functions of the sciatic nerve?

A

No direct functions but indirect sensation (via terminal branches) to the skin of the lateral leg, heel and dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot

49
Q

What is the anatomical course of the sciatic nerve?

A

1: derived from lumbosacral plexus
2: leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region
3: emerges beneath the piriformis muscle
4: descends and enters the posterior thigh passing deep to the biceps femoris
5: reaches apex of popliteal fossa, bifurcates into the tibial and common fibular nerves

50
Q

Where does the tibial nerve provide innervation to?

A

Posterior leg and some intrinsic foot msucles

51
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve provide innervation to?

A

Anterior leg, lateral leg and remaining intrinsic foot muscles

52
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

connective tissue surrounding a single nerve fibre

53
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bunch of nerve fibres

54
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

55
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A group of fascicles

56
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding a nerve

57
Q

Motor neurons in the spinal cord are pyramidal of shape and vary in size. What are the largest of these cells called?

A

Betz cells

58
Q

What are the 3 categories of ganglia?

A

Sensory - no synapses, nerve cell bodies of first order neurons (unipolar)
Sympathetic - synapses, in vertebral chain or anterior to
Parasympathetic - has synapses, close to organs

59
Q

Are neurons unipolar, bipolar or multipolar in sympathetic ganglia?

A

Multipolar

60
Q

Describe histologically what the sensory ganglia looks like

A

Nerve cell bodies are round with a centrally located nuclei
NCBs are close together
Can see white axon strips coming in
Nuclei in connective tissue (fibroblasts)

61
Q

Describe histologically what sympathetic ganglia looks like

A

Nerve cell bodies are smaller and more spread out (because they’re multipolar so have lots of dendrites)
Doesn’t look as neat a pattern as sensory ganglia

62
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

Between the 2 layers of muscle fibres (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

Anatomy Y2 S3 (12 decks)

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