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Anatomy Y2 S3 > A10 - Neck > Flashcards

A10 - Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

A

Superior: lower border of mandible
Antero-inferiorly: Anterior belly of digastric
Postero-inferiorly: Posterior belly of digastric

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2
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

Inferior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric

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4
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes, submental glands, hypoglossal nerve,

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5
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes, submandibular glands, hypoglossal nerve, mylohyoid nerve, facial artery, facial nerve

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior: posterior belly of digastric
Lateral: anterior part of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior: superior part of omohyoid

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7
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Larynx
Hypoglossal nerve

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

Medial: midline of neck
Superior: hyoid bone
Supero-lateral: superior part of omohyoid
Infero-lateral: inferior part of SCM

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9
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

Infrahyoid muscles: sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid
Thyoid and parathyroid glands
Pharynx

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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the occipital triangle?

A

Anterior: posterior part of SCM
Posterior: anterior part of trapezius
Inferior: inferior part of omohyoid

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11
Q

What are the contents of the occipital triangle?

A

Spinal part of cranial nerve XI (accessory)
Branches of cervical plexus
Scalene muscles
Occipital lymph nodes

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the subclavian triangle?

A

Inferior: lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Superior: inferior part of omohyoid
Anterior: posterior part of SCM

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13
Q

What are the contents of the subclavian triangle?

A

Suprascapular nerve
3rd part of subclavian artery
External jugular vein
Roots and trunks of brachial plexus
Supraclavicular lymph nodes

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14
Q

What is the location of superficial cervical fascia and what it consists of?

A

Lies between the dermis and deep cervical fascia. Consists of loose connective tissue, has a thin sheet of muscle (platysma) = innervated by cervical branch of facial nerve

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15
Q

What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing
Prevertebral
Pretracheal
Carotid sheath

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16
Q

Where is the investing fascia located?

A

Surrounds all structures in the neck, i.e. SCM, trapezius, infrahyoid muscles, and the submandibular and parotid glands

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17
Q

Where is the prevertebral layer of fascia located?

A

Surrounds the vertebrae and deep cervical muscles of the neck (scalenes, prevertebral muscles, muscles of back) and the brachial plexus and subclavian artery (forms the ‘axillary sheath’)

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18
Q

Where is the pretracheal layer of fascia located?

A

Surrounds the trachea, oesophagus and thyroid gland. It fuses with the pericardium. 2 parts:
- Muscular part= encloses infrahyoid muscles
- Visceral part= encloses trachea, thyroid gland and oesophagus

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19
Q

Where is the carotid sheath located?

A

Surrounds the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
Formed by contributions of the other 3 layers

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of viscera and where do they surround?

A

1: Endocrine: thyroid and parathyroid
2: Respiratory: trachea and larynx
3: Alimentary: pharynx and oesophagus

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21
Q

What layer is continuous with fascia of the pharynx?

A

Pretracheal layer - fuses with buccopharyngeal fascia posteriorly

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22
Q

Where do the common carotids branch from?

A

L common carotid: branches from the arch of aorta
R common carotid: branches from the brachiocephalic trunk (along with R subclavian)

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23
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A

Brain, eyes and scalp

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24
Q

Where does the common carotid bifurcate?

A

Carotid triangle

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25
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery? Specify whether they’re anterior, medial, posterior or terminal

A

Superior thyroid - anterior
Ascending Pharyngeal - medial
Lingual - anterior
Facial - anterior
Occipital - posterior
Posterior auricular - posterior
Superficial temporal - terminal
Maxillary - terminal

26
Q

Which arteries supply deep vs superficial structures of the face?

A

Deep = maxillary
Superficial = facial and superficial temporal

27
Q

Where does the ECA terminate?

A

In the parotid gland

28
Q

What arteries supplies blood to the scalp? Where are they derived?

A

Supratrochlear - ICA
Supraorbital - ICA
Superficial temporal - ECA
Occipital - ECA
Posterior auricular - ECA

29
Q

What drains the brain and meninges?

A

Dural venous sinuses

30
Q

What drains the scalp and face?

A

Veins synonymous with arteries, which then empty into internal jugular and external jugular veins

31
Q

What drains the neck?

A

Anterior jugular vein

32
Q

What is the external jugular vein formed from? Where does it drain into?

A

Union of retromandibular and posterior auricular veins
Drains into subclavian vein

33
Q

What is the internal jugular vein formed from? Where does it drain into?

A

Continuation of sigmoid sinus
Forms the braciocephalic with the subclavian vein

34
Q

What structures do the superficial cervical vessels drain? Where do they drain into?

A

Scalp, face and neck
Drains into superficial lymph nodes

35
Q

Where do deep cervical vessels arise? What do they converge to form?

A

From deep cervical lymph nodes
Converge to form the R and L jugular lymphatic trunks:
- L jugular trunk - combines with thoracic duct and drains into L subclavian
- R jugular trunk - drains into R subclavian

36
Q

What are the main superficial lymph nodes?

A

Mastoid - posterior to ear
Occipital - back of head
Superficial cervical - course of EJV
Pre-auricular - in front of ear
Parotid - superficial to parotid glands
Submandibular - in submandibular triangle
Submental - between anterior bellies of digastric

37
Q

What 2 folds are formed by the aryepiglottic membrane?

A

Free upper border forms the aryepiglottic fold
Lower fold forms the false vocal cords (vestibular fold)

38
Q

What forms the true vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid membrane - free upper fold

39
Q

What is the role of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Increases the length of the vocal cords, so raises pitch of voice

40
Q

What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External branch of superficial laryngeal nerve

41
Q

What is the role of the posterior cricoarytenoids and what innervates them?

A

Abducts / opens the vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

42
Q

What is the role of the interarytenoids and what innervates them?

A

Adduct/ close the vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

43
Q

What is the role of the aryepiglottic muscle and what innervates it?

A

Narrows the laryngeal inlet
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

44
Q

What do the superior articular facets of C1 articulate with? What movement does this joint allow?

A

Occipital condyles
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion

45
Q

What does the dens of C2 articulate with and what strengthens this joint?

A

Anterior arch and lateral masses of C1
Strengthened by apical, alar and cruciate ligaments

46
Q

What do the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae transmit?

A

Vertebral artery and vein
(C7 only transmits the vertebral vein)

47
Q

What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

A

All apart from thyrohyoid are innervated by ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid = hypoglossal nerve

48
Q

What are the attachments of omohyoid?

A

Scapula (superior border) to body of hyoid bone
The muscle is attached by an intermediate tendon in the middle to split it into superior and inferior omohyoid

49
Q

What are the attachments of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly: digastric fossa (under chin) to hyoid bone
Posterior belly: mastoid process to hyoid bone
Joined by an intermediate tendon

50
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

A

O: nuchal line of occipital bone
I: scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle

51
Q

What vertebral level is the hyoid bone?

A

C3

52
Q

What vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage?

A

C6

53
Q

What vertebral level is the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage?

A

C4

54
Q

What vertebral level is the thyroid gland (isthmus)?

A

C7

55
Q

What vertebral level is the suprasternal notch?

A

T2/T3

56
Q

What does contraction of the infrahyoid muscles lead to?

A

depresses the hyoid bone

57
Q

What does contraction of the suprahyoid muscles lead to?

A

Depresses the mandible, however if the mandible is fixed then it elevates the thyroid

58
Q

List the suprahyoid muscles

A

Anterior and posterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

59
Q

List the infrahyoid muscles

A

Superior and inferior belly of omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid

60
Q

What is the attachment of the sterocleidomastoid?

A

Sternal head: manubrium
Clavicular head: medial 1/3 of clavicle
Both heads insert onto mastoid process (of temporal bone) and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

Anatomy Y2 S3 (12 decks)

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