A10 - Neck Flashcards by beth elliott

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

Superior: lower border of mandible
Antero-inferiorly: Anterior belly of digastric
Postero-inferiorly: Posterior belly of digastric

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What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

Submental lymph nodes

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What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

Inferior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric

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What are the contents of the submental triangle?

Submental lymph nodes, submental glands, hypoglossal nerve,

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What are the contents of the submental triangle?

Submandibular lymph nodes, submandibular glands, hypoglossal nerve, mylohyoid nerve, facial artery, facial nerve

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What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Superior: posterior belly of digastric
Lateral: anterior part of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior: superior part of omohyoid

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What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

Carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Larynx
Hypoglossal nerve

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What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Medial: midline of neck
Superior: hyoid bone
Supero-lateral: superior part of omohyoid
Infero-lateral: inferior part of SCM

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What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

Infrahyoid muscles: sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid
Thyoid and parathyroid glands
Pharynx

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What are the boundaries of the occipital triangle?

Anterior: posterior part of SCM
Posterior: anterior part of trapezius
Inferior: inferior part of omohyoid

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What are the contents of the occipital triangle?

Spinal part of cranial nerve XI (accessory)
Branches of cervical plexus
Scalene muscles
Occipital lymph nodes

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What are the boundaries of the subclavian triangle?

Inferior: lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Superior: inferior part of omohyoid
Anterior: posterior part of SCM

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What are the contents of the subclavian triangle?

Suprascapular nerve
3rd part of subclavian artery
External jugular vein
Roots and trunks of brachial plexus
Supraclavicular lymph nodes

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What is the location of superficial cervical fascia and what it consists of?

Lies between the dermis and deep cervical fascia. Consists of loose connective tissue, has a thin sheet of muscle (platysma) = innervated by cervical branch of facial nerve

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What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

Investing
Prevertebral
Pretracheal
Carotid sheath

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Where is the investing fascia located?

Surrounds all structures in the neck, i.e. SCM, trapezius, infrahyoid muscles, and the submandibular and parotid glands

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Where is the prevertebral layer of fascia located?

Surrounds the vertebrae and deep cervical muscles of the neck (scalenes, prevertebral muscles, muscles of back) and the brachial plexus and subclavian artery (forms the ‘axillary sheath’)

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Where is the pretracheal layer of fascia located?

Surrounds the trachea, oesophagus and thyroid gland. It fuses with the pericardium. 2 parts:
- Muscular part= encloses infrahyoid muscles
- Visceral part= encloses trachea, thyroid gland and oesophagus

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Where is the carotid sheath located?

Surrounds the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
Formed by contributions of the other 3 layers

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What are the 3 layers of viscera and where do they surround?

1: Endocrine: thyroid and parathyroid
2: Respiratory: trachea and larynx
3: Alimentary: pharynx and oesophagus

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What layer is continuous with fascia of the pharynx?

Pretracheal layer - fuses with buccopharyngeal fascia posteriorly

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Where do the common carotids branch from?

L common carotid: branches from the arch of aorta
R common carotid: branches from the brachiocephalic trunk (along with R subclavian)

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What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

Brain, eyes and scalp

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Where does the common carotid bifurcate?

Carotid triangle

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What are the branches of the external carotid artery? Specify whether they're anterior, medial, posterior or terminal

Superior thyroid - anterior Ascending Pharyngeal - medial Lingual - anterior Facial - anterior Occipital - posterior Posterior auricular - posterior Superficial temporal - terminal Maxillary - terminal

Which arteries supply deep vs superficial structures of the face?

Deep = maxillary Superficial = facial and superficial temporal

Where does the ECA terminate?

In the parotid gland

What arteries supplies blood to the scalp? Where are they derived?

Supratrochlear - ICA Supraorbital - ICA Superficial temporal - ECA Occipital - ECA Posterior auricular - ECA

What drains the brain and meninges?

Dural venous sinuses

What drains the scalp and face?

Veins synonymous with arteries, which then empty into internal jugular and external jugular veins

What drains the neck?

Anterior jugular vein

What is the external jugular vein formed from? Where does it drain into?

Union of retromandibular and posterior auricular veins Drains into subclavian vein

What is the internal jugular vein formed from? Where does it drain into?

Continuation of sigmoid sinus Forms the braciocephalic with the subclavian vein

What structures do the superficial cervical vessels drain? Where do they drain into?

Scalp, face and neck Drains into superficial lymph nodes

Where do deep cervical vessels arise? What do they converge to form?

From deep cervical lymph nodes Converge to form the R and L jugular lymphatic trunks: - L jugular trunk - combines with thoracic duct and drains into L subclavian - R jugular trunk - drains into R subclavian

What are the main superficial lymph nodes?

Mastoid - posterior to ear Occipital - back of head Superficial cervical - course of EJV Pre-auricular - in front of ear Parotid - superficial to parotid glands Submandibular - in submandibular triangle Submental - between anterior bellies of digastric

What 2 folds are formed by the aryepiglottic membrane?

Free upper border forms the aryepiglottic fold Lower fold forms the false vocal cords (vestibular fold)

What forms the true vocal cords?

Cricothyroid membrane - free upper fold

What is the role of the cricothyroid muscle?

Increases the length of the vocal cords, so raises pitch of voice

What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

External branch of superficial laryngeal nerve

What is the role of the posterior cricoarytenoids and what innervates them?

Abducts / opens the vocal cords Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What is the role of the interarytenoids and what innervates them?

Adduct/ close the vocal cords Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What is the role of the aryepiglottic muscle and what innervates it?

Narrows the laryngeal inlet Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What do the superior articular facets of C1 articulate with? What movement does this joint allow?

Occipital condyles Flexion, extension, lateral flexion

What does the dens of C2 articulate with and what strengthens this joint?

Anterior arch and lateral masses of C1 Strengthened by apical, alar and cruciate ligaments

What do the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae transmit?

Vertebral artery and vein (C7 only transmits the vertebral vein)

What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

All apart from thyrohyoid are innervated by ansa cervicalis Thyrohyoid = hypoglossal nerve

What are the attachments of omohyoid?

Scapula (superior border) to body of hyoid bone The muscle is attached by an intermediate tendon in the middle to split it into superior and inferior omohyoid

What are the attachments of the digastric muscle?

Anterior belly: digastric fossa (under chin) to hyoid bone Posterior belly: mastoid process to hyoid bone Joined by an intermediate tendon

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

O: nuchal line of occipital bone I: scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle

What vertebral level is the hyoid bone?

What vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage?

What vertebral level is the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage?

What vertebral level is the thyroid gland (isthmus)?

What vertebral level is the suprasternal notch?

T2/T3

What does contraction of the infrahyoid muscles lead to?

depresses the hyoid bone

What does contraction of the suprahyoid muscles lead to?

Depresses the mandible, however if the mandible is fixed then it elevates the thyroid

List the suprahyoid muscles

Anterior and posterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Geniohyoid

List the infrahyoid muscles

Superior and inferior belly of omohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid

What is the attachment of the sterocleidomastoid?

Sternal head: manubrium Clavicular head: medial 1/3 of clavicle Both heads insert onto mastoid process (of temporal bone) and superior nuchal line of occipital bone