A2 Inflammation Flashcards
Which 4 enzymatic cascades also help produce inflammatory mediators
Complement system
Coagulation system
Kinin system
Fibronolytic system
Which complenent parhways are innate ans ab independent
Lectin and alternative pathway
What instigates the alternative pathway
Necrosis
Infection
Or
The 3 other systems
What 2 anaphylatoxins which mediate inflammation are rpodxied by complement System
C3a and more potently c5a
What do c3a and c5a bind to have effect
C3 or c5 receptors
What effects do the anaphylatoxins have
Vasodilation, chemotactic, perkeability , speed up adaptive by apc movement
Which factor is important in the coagulation system for inflammation
Factor xIIa
How is factor vIi activated
Interaction wirh negqtice surfaces
Which 2 reaxtions in coafulation cause c5 production
Plasminogen to plasmin
Pre kallikrein to kallikrein
How are kinins produced eg bradykinin
Following a wound, blood vessel protease cascade causes release of peptides like bradykinin
Wht does bradykinin do for inflammation
Increases permeability
What side effect does bradykinin have
Pain
What fibronolytic reaction affects permeability and increase c3 and c5
Fibrin breakdown into fdpx, y , d, e
What are the first cells in inflammation for 24 hours
Neutrophils and mast cells then macrophages etc
What chemoattractants released after intial acute inflammation
C3a,5a by the 4 pathways and also il8 eg by tnfa
What gradient is preswnt for neutrophil attraction
Il8 chemokine gradient move down conc
If extensive tissue damage, what occurs in neutrophil count
Lowers in circulation called neutropenia
What is a high neutrophil count called eg after medications
Neutrophilia
Which cytokine is crucualnfor neutrophilia via bone marrow stimulation
G- csf (granulocyte csf)
What is crycyal for margination (movement to outside of blood vessel to slow cells)
Vasodilation to reduce blood flow rate eg vasodilators like histamine or paf
What is the zone called on outer wall of vessel
Plasmatic zone
What needs to happen for adhereance to endothelial cells
Xhange in steucture and surface molecules of both immunoxytes and endothelial cells
What is extravasation
Migration of leukocytes to tissue from vessels
What is rhe first stage in extravasation
Chemoattraxtants eg il8 or c5a
What happens when chemokines bind recpetors on eg neutrophils
Sexondary messenger axtication in cells
Allows release of breakdown initiators like mmps to get through
Which adhesion molecule is first on endothelial cells to initiate rolling adhesion (secone phase)
P- selectin
When does p selectin appear
Exposure to LTB4,c5a and histamine
What other selectin appears after hours due to lps or tnfa
E selectin
What do selectins recotnise on immune cells for rollint adhesion
Sialyl lewis x (slex)
On eosinophils, monocytes and neutrophils
On all leukocytes PSGL-1
In tight binding, what molecules are rxpressed on leukocytes
Cr3 and lfa1
What increases cr3 and lfa1 expression for tight binding
Paf and c5a
What molecuke is expressed on endothelial cells in tight binding
Icam
What induces icam expression which binds lfa 1 and cr3
Tnfa
What is the movement of neurrophils in ecm called
Amoeboid movement
What allows neurrophil movement theough ecm
Calcium increase in neurrophils and also mt remodelling ans chemotaxis
What is released from neutrophils from tertiary granules
Mmps, gelatinases, cathepsins = ecm digestion
Give an example of chronic inflammation when it isnt cleared
TB infection causing granulomaa
Which cell is key in chronic inflammation
Macrophage, releases many inflammatory cytokines
What are some characteristics of chronic inflammation
Persisting cytokines and cells
Increased ecm breakdown /proteolytic activity
Increaaed ROS ef h2o2
What forms granulomatous inflammation
Infection like tb or foreigj bodies like thorn
Explain the modifications of macrophages in granulomqs
Differentiate into epitheloid cells
Which are acticated macrophages
Become multinucleated giant cells
These xan be langhans type giant cells where nuclei are at periphery walls
Or
Foreign body giant cells (nuclei are scattered in cytoplasm)
They border off the insult and form granuloma
