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Clinical Immunology And Virology > A2 Inflammation > Flashcards

A2 Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Which 4 enzymatic cascades also help produce inflammatory mediators

A

Complement system

Coagulation system

Kinin system

Fibronolytic system

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2
Q

Which complenent parhways are innate ans ab independent

A

Lectin and alternative pathway

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3
Q

What instigates the alternative pathway

A

Necrosis

Infection
Or
The 3 other systems

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4
Q

What 2 anaphylatoxins which mediate inflammation are rpodxied by complement System

A

C3a and more potently c5a

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5
Q

What do c3a and c5a bind to have effect

A

C3 or c5 receptors

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6
Q

What effects do the anaphylatoxins have

A

Vasodilation, chemotactic, perkeability , speed up adaptive by apc movement

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7
Q

Which factor is important in the coagulation system for inflammation

A

Factor xIIa

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8
Q

How is factor vIi activated

A

Interaction wirh negqtice surfaces

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9
Q

Which 2 reaxtions in coafulation cause c5 production

A

Plasminogen to plasmin

Pre kallikrein to kallikrein

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10
Q

How are kinins produced eg bradykinin

A

Following a wound, blood vessel protease cascade causes release of peptides like bradykinin

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11
Q

Wht does bradykinin do for inflammation

A

Increases permeability

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12
Q

What side effect does bradykinin have

A

Pain

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13
Q

What fibronolytic reaction affects permeability and increase c3 and c5

A

Fibrin breakdown into fdpx, y , d, e

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14
Q

What are the first cells in inflammation for 24 hours

A

Neutrophils and mast cells then macrophages etc

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15
Q

What chemoattractants released after intial acute inflammation

A

C3a,5a by the 4 pathways and also il8 eg by tnfa

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16
Q

What gradient is preswnt for neutrophil attraction

A

Il8 chemokine gradient move down conc

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17
Q

If extensive tissue damage, what occurs in neutrophil count

A

Lowers in circulation called neutropenia

18
Q

What is a high neutrophil count called eg after medications

A

Neutrophilia

19
Q

Which cytokine is crucualnfor neutrophilia via bone marrow stimulation

A

G- csf (granulocyte csf)

20
Q

What is crycyal for margination (movement to outside of blood vessel to slow cells)

A

Vasodilation to reduce blood flow rate eg vasodilators like histamine or paf

21
Q

What is the zone called on outer wall of vessel

A

Plasmatic zone

22
Q

What needs to happen for adhereance to endothelial cells

A

Xhange in steucture and surface molecules of both immunoxytes and endothelial cells

23
Q

What is extravasation

A

Migration of leukocytes to tissue from vessels

24
Q

What is rhe first stage in extravasation

A

Chemoattraxtants eg il8 or c5a

25
Q

What happens when chemokines bind recpetors on eg neutrophils

A

Sexondary messenger axtication in cells

Allows release of breakdown initiators like mmps to get through

26
Q

Which adhesion molecule is first on endothelial cells to initiate rolling adhesion (secone phase)

A

P- selectin

27
Q

When does p selectin appear

A

Exposure to LTB4,c5a and histamine

28
Q

What other selectin appears after hours due to lps or tnfa

A

E selectin

29
Q

What do selectins recotnise on immune cells for rollint adhesion

A

Sialyl lewis x (slex)

On eosinophils, monocytes and neutrophils

On all leukocytes PSGL-1

30
Q

In tight binding, what molecules are rxpressed on leukocytes

A

Cr3 and lfa1

31
Q

What increases cr3 and lfa1 expression for tight binding

A

Paf and c5a

32
Q

What molecuke is expressed on endothelial cells in tight binding

A

Icam

33
Q

What induces icam expression which binds lfa 1 and cr3

A

Tnfa

34
Q

What is the movement of neurrophils in ecm called

A

Amoeboid movement

35
Q

What allows neurrophil movement theough ecm

A

Calcium increase in neurrophils and also mt remodelling ans chemotaxis

36
Q

What is released from neutrophils from tertiary granules

A

Mmps, gelatinases, cathepsins = ecm digestion

37
Q

Give an example of chronic inflammation when it isnt cleared

A

TB infection causing granulomaa

38
Q

Which cell is key in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophage, releases many inflammatory cytokines

39
Q

What are some characteristics of chronic inflammation

A

Persisting cytokines and cells
Increased ecm breakdown /proteolytic activity
Increaaed ROS ef h2o2

40
Q

What forms granulomatous inflammation

A

Infection like tb or foreigj bodies like thorn

41
Q

Explain the modifications of macrophages in granulomqs

A

Differentiate into epitheloid cells
Which are acticated macrophages

Become multinucleated giant cells

These xan be langhans type giant cells where nuclei are at periphery walls

Or

Foreign body giant cells (nuclei are scattered in cytoplasm)

They border off the insult and form granuloma

Clinical Immunology And Virology (9 decks)

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