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Clinical Immunology And Virology > A1 Inflammation > Flashcards

A1 Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

When does inflammation occur

A

Secondary induced innate responses when phagocytes etc are active

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2
Q

Does inflammatiok stay thebsame

A

No can change in amount and time eg acute or chronic

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3
Q

What are the functions of inflammation

A

Restrict damage or infection to site

Remove damage tissue or the pathogen

Promotes immune cell migration to site

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4
Q

What are the 3 causes / etiology

A

Physical damage eg hammer

Biological eg pathogen

Chemical eg toxins

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5
Q

What other biological etiology does inflammation have

A

Necrotic tissue

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6
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Heat 
Erytherma (redness) 
Oedema swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function eg if physical damage
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7
Q

Explain the 4 stages of inflammation

A

Tissue damage/infection

Vascular dilation/permeability by mediators

Cell recruitment and exudation of eg plasma proteins/salts/water

Tissue repair - constriction, scarring

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8
Q

What happens to endothelial cells in the second stage

A

Swell and cell retention forming holes for exudation etc

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9
Q

What is it called when cells adhere to endothelium before emigration

A

Margination

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10
Q

If bacteria present what is the first thing that triggers things like dilation , cell recruitment

A

Gets phagocytosed/recognised eg by prr and phagocytes release cytokines and chemokines

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11
Q

What types of cells are involved

A

Mast, basophils, eosino, neutrophils, dendritic cells,monocytes(macrophages in tissue)

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12
Q

What does inflammation do to toxins which is advantageous

A

Dilutes them

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13
Q

Why is exudation in inflammation advantageous

A

Provides nutrients and o2 to cells and tissue

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14
Q

What plasma protein helps impede movement of bacteria in inflammation

A

Fibrin

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15
Q

How does inflammation link innate to adaptive

A

Immune cells like DC then leave via lympatic drainage and cause t cell etc activation

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16
Q

What type of non specific antibodies are involved in inflammation

A

Ab from b1 cells

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17
Q

What type of enyzmes increases in inflammation which is bad

A

Mmp/ proteolytic enzymes

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18
Q

Why is inflammation due to haemophilus influenzae dangerous

A

It causes swelling of the epiglottis which stops breathing in airways

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19
Q

What jappens with meningitis inflammation

A

Blood supply to brain stops

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20
Q

When is inflammation unecessary to harmless things like pollen

A

Allergies/ type 1 hypersensitivity causes the inflammatory response

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21
Q

What 2 things activate mast cells to secrete granules etc

A

Prr recognising damps or pamps

Or

Ige binding to fcr e on the mast cell surface

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22
Q

Give examples of pamps

A

Lps, fimH adhesin on ecoli

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23
Q

Which lipid mediators does mast cells produce

A

Pgd2 (prostaglandin)

And

LTB4 and LTC4 (leukotrienes)

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24
Q

Give exmaples of inflammatory cytokines produced by mast cells

A

Tnf a, il-1b, il 6

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25
Q

What types of cutokines are pro inflammatory released by mast cells

A

Tnf a, il 6 , il 1b

26
Q

What are some examples of pre formed granules in mast cells that are inflammatory mediators

A

Histamine, seratonin , tryptase

27
Q

Give examples of vasodilators for inflammayion

A

Histamine , prostaglandin, c3a, c5a

28
Q

Give examples of permeability mediators

A

Histamine, pg, kinins

29
Q

Which types of molecules help migration of immune cells in inflammation

A

C3a,5a, chemokines eg il8, leukotrienes

30
Q

What proteins in neuotrophils helps attract other immune cells

A

Cationic proteins

31
Q

What kind of osmotic pressure xauses fluid retention back into capillaries

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (plasma protein presence)

32
Q

In oedema which end of blood vessels / capillaries does fluid enter in exudation etc

A

Arterial end (leaves venule end)

33
Q

Other than inflammatory oedema what others are there

A

Pulmonary eg when at high altitude fluid fills alveoli

Lympoedema from lymphatic drainage obstruction

34
Q

What mediator helps vasodilate in inflammation via cgmp increase

A

NO via NOS

35
Q

What types of cells produce histamine

A

Mast, baso, eosinophils, platelets

36
Q

Histamine aswell as dilation causes permebaility of what

A

Venules

37
Q

What is the primary cause of permeability

A

Histamine

38
Q

What happens when histamine binds h1 receptors

A

Activates phospholipase a and c which breakdown phospholipids into arachidonic acid

39
Q

Arachidonic acid is released when theres an increase in what

A

Histamine or through neutrophil/monocyte interaction with tissue

40
Q

What is the cox pathway of arachidonic catabolism

A

Into pgh2

This is a precursor for pgd2, pge2 which produces to pgf2

Also produces TXa2 (thromboxane a2)

And PGI2 (prostacyclin)

41
Q

Which prostaglandin produces pain

A

Pge2

42
Q

What is main goal of PG

A

Vascular permeability

43
Q

What does PGI2 do prostacyclin

A

Stops platelet aggregation ane cuases dilation

44
Q

What does thromboxane a2 cause

A

Platelet aggregation and constriction

45
Q

What is the lipooxygenase pathway

A

Into 5h pete

Converts to LTB4 or LTC4

LTC4 then can produce D4 and E4

46
Q

What do LTC4,D and E do

A

Cause airway constriction and mucus build

Also vascular permeability

47
Q

What foes LTB4 do

A

Chemotaxis and stimulates neutrophils margination on endothelial cells

48
Q

Whcih cox is upregulated in inflammation

A

Cox 2

49
Q

PAF is made by most cells in inflammation. What is it’s purpose

A 
Dilation 
Platelet aggregation for repair
Phagocytosis upregulated
Increases arachidonic catabolism
Chemotaxis
50
Q

How do cytokines have effect

A

Through receptors eg chemokine gpcr

51
Q

What is the major inflammatory cytokine

A

Tnf A (mainly from macrophages)

52
Q

How does tnf a allow margination similar to ltb4

A

Upregulates selectins on endothelial cells which allow cells to stick before emigration

53
Q

What chemicals are ipregulated due to tnfa

A

Il1 and chemokines like il8

54
Q

What syndrome is caused by tnf a

A

Toxic shock

55
Q

How does tnf a cause fever

A

Srimulates hypothalmic cells to secrete prostaglandins which cause fever

56
Q

How does tnf a affect liver

A

Causes uprefulatuon of serum proteins from liver hepatocytes

57
Q

Does il1 cause fever

A

Yes

58
Q

How does il1 impact liver

A

Increases synthesis of acute phase proteins

59
Q

What cell is chemokine il8 specific to

A

Neutrophils

60
Q

What is the movemnet of immune cells in called

A

Diapedesis

Clinical Immunology And Virology (9 decks)

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