A1 - physical development across the life stages Flashcards
What are the life stages in order?
- Birth and infancy
- Early childhood
- Adolescence
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Later Adulthood
What age is birth and infancy?
0-2 years
What age is early childhood?
3-8 years
What age is adolescence?
9-18 years
What age is early adulthood?
19-45 years
What age is middle adulthood?
46-65 years
What age is later adulthood?
65+ years
What is the definition of growth?
An increase in measurable quantity such as height or weight
What are the 4 principles of growth?
- Growth rates are not constant
- Different parts of the body grow at different rates
- Growth rates vary between children
- The growth rate of boys is usually faster on average than girls, as men tend to be taller than women
What is the definition of development?
The complex changes in skills and capabilities that an individuals experiences as they grow
What is checked between birth and 6 weeks?
- A babies head circumference
- This is to identify any brain abnormalities
What are centile graphs?
- They give the height and weight expected from a child at a certain age
- There is centile graphs for boys and girls
What are the principles of development?
- Happens from head to toe, an infant will first be able to control their head, the develop control over their body to enable them to sit and finally have control over their legs and feet to allow them to crawl and walk
- Happens inside to outside, an infant learns to control movements in their body first, then in arm and legs and then the small muscles
- Happens in the same sequence but at different rates
- Happens holistically, areas of development are dependent on and influence each other
What is the definition of developmental norms?
A description of an average set of expectations that a child is expected to meet
What are the 4 main skills of acquisition?
Physical development
Social development
Emotional development
Intellectual development
What is the definition of gross motor skills
Large movement that use the large muscles in the body
What is the definition of fine motor skills
Small muscle movements that use small muscles in the body
What is a newborn gross motor skill?
Primitive reflexes such as grasp
What is a newborn fine motor skill?
Hold their thumbs tucked into their hands
What is a 1 month old gross motor skill?
Lifts chin, some control of the head
What is a 1 month old fine motor skill?
Opens hand to grasp a finger
What is a 3 month old gross motor skill?
Can lift their head and chest when lying on their front
What is a 3 month old fine motor skill?
Can briefly grasp a rattle
What is a 6 month old gross motor skill?
Can roll over, sit up for a short time without support, kick legs when held up
What is a 6 month old fine motor skill?
Move objects from hand to hand and can pick up dropped toys if they are in sight
What is a 9-10 month old gross motor skill?
Crawl and begin to cruise
What is a 9-10 month old fine motor skill?
Use finger and thumb to hold a small object
What is a 12-13 month old gross motor skill?
Stand alone and walk without help.
What is a 12-13 month old fine motor skill?
Manipulate and place toys.
What is a gross motor skill of a 18 month old?
Climbs onto furniture.
What is a fine motor skill of a 18 month old?
Build a short tower with blocks.
What is a gross motor skill of a 2 year old?
Propels a sit on toy with their feet and throw a large ball.
What is a fine motor skill of a 2 year old?
Draw lines and circles
Turn a page
What is a gross motor skill of 2 and a half year old?
Jump from a low step
Kick a ball
What is a fine motor skill of a 2 and a half year old?
Use a spoon and fork
Build a tower of 7-8 blocks
What gross motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 3?
Riding a tricycle
Balance on a foot for one second
What gross motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 4?
Kick and throw a large ball
What gross motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 5?
Hop using each foot separately
What gross motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 6-7?
Skip and ride a bicycle
What gross motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 8?
Take part in different sports and activities
What fine motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 3?
Use a pencil to copy letters
Build a tower with cubes
What fine motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 5?
Dress and undress themselves
What fine motor skill should a child be able to achieve by age 8?
Draw detailed pictures
What is a primary sexual characteristic?
The changes and development of reproductive organs
What is a secondary sexual characteristic?
Outward signs of development from a child into a man or a woman
What are the primary sexual characteristic of a woman?
- The uterus enlarges
- Vagina lengthens
- Ovaries begin to release eggs
- Menstrual cycle starts
What are the primary sexual characteristic of a man?
- Enlargement of penis and testes
- Spontaneous erections
- The testicles begin to produce sperm
What are the secondary sexual characteristic of a woman?
- Breasts develop
- Areola (area around nipple) swells and darkens
- Hair grows in armpits and pubic area
- Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
What are the secondary sexual characteristic of a man?
- Changes in larynx causing voice to deepen
- Hair grows in armpits and pubic area
- Develops facial hair
- Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
What are the main female hormones?
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
What are the main female hormones?
Responsible for ovulation and menstruation
What is the main male hormone?
Testosterone
What does testosterone stimulate?
Sperm production
At what age is a persons physical peak?
19-28
What have young adults reached?
- Full height and strength
- Peaked reaction time and manual dexterity
What are the two key phases in an adult females lifespan?
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
What hormone increases in pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is perimenopause?
A woman’s ovaries gradually making less oestrogen so the ovaries stop producing eggs each month
When does perimenopause last until?
Until menopause
On average, how long does perimenopause last?
- Around 4 years
- But can last between a few months and 10 years
When does perimenopause end?
When a woman does not have a period for 12 months
What are some symptoms of perimenopause?
- Hot flushes
- Night sweats
- Fatigue
- mood swings
- Trouble sleeping
What does the menopause involve?
- Gradual ending of menstruation
- An increase in hormones called gonodotropins that try to stimulate failing egg production
- A reduction in sex hormones
- Associated problems such as osteoporosis
What is middle aged spread?
- Putting on weight, particularly around the waist
- Often happens because adults eat the same amount as when they were younger and the metabolism has shown down
What are some effects of aging?
- Middle aged spread
- Loss of muscle tone and strength
- Loss of skin elasticity
- Loss of height - cartilage decrease
What is life expectancy?
An estimate of the number of years, on average, that a person can be expected to live
What becomes more susceptible to disease as we age?
The heart
What becomes more difficult in old age?
Mobility and dexterity skills
What is an Intellectual disease that’s more common in older age?
- Parkinsons
- Alzheimers
