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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #9: Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #9: Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

the ______ system is the only organ system in the body who’s primary job is not maintaining homeostasis

A

reproductive

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2
Q

male and female reproductive systems exist in order to…

A

recombine and pass along genetic information to a new individual

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals secreted into the bloodstream to act on distant targets

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4
Q

the reproductive system is the only system in the body that produces new cells that are _____ ____ from the rest of the body’s cells

A

genetically different

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5
Q

meiosis

A

reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half to produce gametes

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6
Q

the reproductive system uses which type of cell division?

A

meiosis

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7
Q

most of the cells in the body reproduce by ____

A

mitosis

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8
Q

mitosis

A

daughter cell is identical to parent cell

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9
Q

male and female gametes

A

eggs and sperm

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10
Q

gametes combine to produce a ____

A

zygote

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11
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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12
Q

how many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

46

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13
Q

reproductive system main role

A

perpetuating the species

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14
Q

main organs of the reproductive system

A

the gonads (ovaries and testes), which produce gametes (eggs and sperm)

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15
Q

main function of the gonads and gametes

A

gametogenesis

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16
Q

gametogenesis

A

the formation of new gametes

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17
Q

testes

A

gamete-producing organs of the male

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18
Q

where are the testes located?

A

outside the body, in a sac called the scrotum

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19
Q

scrotum

A

the sac that surrounds the testes

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20
Q

what is the scrotum composed of?

A

skin, connective tissue, and a layer of smooth muscle called the dartos muscle

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21
Q

why are the testes located externally?

A

because sperm production requires 34°C (94°F), which is below body temperature

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22
Q

the scrotum has a _____ _____ _____ that divides it into 2 chambers

A

connective tissue septum

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23
Q

cremaster muscle

A

smooth muscle tissue that surrounds each testes in the scrotum

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24
Q

what is the smooth muscle tissue that surrounds each testes in the scrotum called?

A

cremaster muscle

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25
Q

cremaster muscle function

A

contracts to control the testes’ distance from the body and therefore their temperature

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26
Q

the connective tissue deep to the scrotum extends up into the pelvic cavity to form the _____ _____

A

spermatic cord

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27
Q

the spermatic cord surrounds the…

A
  1. cremaster muscle
  2. testicular artery
  3. pampiniform venous plexus
  4. ductus deferens
  5. nerves that supply the testes
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28
Q

pampiniform venous plexus

A

group of veins draining the testes

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29
Q

what is the group of veins draining the testes called?

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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30
Q

ductus deferens

A

duct that transports sperm

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31
Q

duct that transports sperm

A

ductus deferens

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32
Q

the spermatic cord passes into the pelvic cavity through the _____ ______ _____

A

external inguinal ring

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33
Q

external inguinal ring

A

opening to a small passageway called the inguinal canal

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34
Q

2 sheaths below the cremaster:

A
  1. superficial tunica vaginalis
  2. deep tunica albuginea
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35
Q

superficial tunica vaginalis

A

serous membrane, one of the 2 sheaths below the cremaster muscle

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36
Q

deep tunica albuginea

A

connective tissue that divides the interior of each testis into lobules, one of the 2 sheaths below the cremaster muscle

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37
Q

each lobule of the testes contains a tightly coiled _____ ______

A

seminiferous tubule

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38
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm cells

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40
Q

the seminiferous tubules converge near the superior part of the testis to form a _____ _____

A

rete testis

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41
Q

the rete testis exits the testes to join the _____

A

epididymis

42
Q

what is the first segment of the duct system of the male reproductive tract?

A

epididymis

43
Q

3 portions of the epididymis

A
  1. initial head
  2. middle body
  3. final tail
44
Q

immature sperm are produced by the…

A

seminiferous tubules

45
Q

the immature sperm migrate through each region of the ______ until they are mature, and then they leave through the ____ ____

A

seminiferous tubules, ductus deferens

46
Q

the ductus deferens ascends through the pelvic cavity and curls ______and _____ around the _____ _____

A

posteriorly and superiorly, around the bladder

47
Q

on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder, the ductus deferens widens to form the _____

A

ampulla

48
Q

the duct leaving the ampulla merges with the _____ _____, and together they form the _____ _____

A

seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

49
Q

the ejaculatory duct passes through the _____ ______

A

prostate gland

50
Q

where is the prostate gland located?

A

on the inferior surface of the urinary bladder

51
Q

what is the first segment of the urethra?

A

prostatic urethra

52
Q

the prostatic urethra becomes the ______ urethra as it exits the _____

A

membranous urethra, prostate

53
Q

the membranous urethra becomes the ______ urethra as it enters the _____ ______ of the penis

A

spongy urethra, corpus spongiosum

54
Q

parts of the urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
55
Q

the urethra terminates at the ____ _____ ______ (aka the …)

A

external urethral orifice, tip of the penis

56
Q

male reproductive tract has ___ exocrine glands. name them.

A

3

  1. prostate gland + seminal vesicles
  2. bulbourethral glands (2)
57
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

set of two small glands located at the root of the penis

58
Q

bulbourethral glands function

A

produce an alkaline secretion released prior to the release of sperm during ejaculation

59
Q

seminal vesicles & prostate gland together produce approx. _____% of the volume of semen

A

90%

60
Q

semen

A

a fluid that contains chemicals to nourish and activate sperm

61
Q

where is semen produced?

A

seminal vesicles & prostate gland

62
Q

penis

A

male copulatory organ

63
Q

the penis consists of 3 erectile bodies:

A
  1. single corpus spongiosum
  2. paired dorsal corpora cavernosa
64
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

surrounds the urethra, enlarges to form glans penis

65
Q

all 3 of the erectile bodies consist of _____ _____ that fill with blood during an erection

A

vascular spaces

66
Q

duct system simplified pathway

A
  1. Seminiferous tubule
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductules
  4. Epididymis
  5. Ductus Deferens
  6. Ejaculatory duct
  7. Urethra

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67
Q

spermatogenesis begins in ______ and continues throughout _____

A

puberty, adulthood

68
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur? how long does it take to complete?

A

seminiferous tubules, 2-2.5 months

69
Q

spermatogenesis ends when sperm cells are released into the…

A

lumen of the seminiferous tubules

70
Q

what are one of the hormones that regulate spermatogenesis?

A

testosterone

71
Q

testosterone is secreted by…

A

interstitial cells (aka cells of leydig)

72
Q

interstitial cells are also known as…

A

cells of leydig

73
Q

where are interstitial cells located?

A

in between the seminiferous tubules

74
Q

what cells compose the WALLS of the seminiferous tubules?

A

sustentacular cells (aka Sertoli cells)

75
Q

what are sustentacular cells also known as?

A

sertoli cells

76
Q

sustentacular cells compose…

A

the walls of the seminiferous tubules

77
Q

sustentacular cells function

A
  1. physically support and nourish developing sperm cells
  2. control the movement of developing sperm cells
  3. remove wastes
  4. produce fluid that fills the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
78
Q

each sustentacular cell is joined tightly by ____ _____

A

tight junctions

79
Q

function of tight junctions

A

helps maintain the blood testis barrier

80
Q

blood testis barrier functions

A
  1. protects developing sperm from potentially harmful substances (barrier prevents proteins/large molecules from coming into direct contact w DSC)
  2. prevents the immune system from being exposed to sperm cell antigens not found on any other body cells
81
Q

stages in spermatogenesis

A
  1. spermatogonium (SG)
  2. Primary spermatocyte (PS)
  3. secondary spermatocyte (SS)
  4. early spermatids (EST)
  5. late spermatid (LST)
  6. sperm cells (S)

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82
Q

spermatogonium

A

stem cell found in outer wall of seminiferous tubules within testes

-undergoes cell division to produce 2 copies
-1 copy remains in outer wall as new spermatogonium, 2nd copy turns into slightly larger primary spermatocyte

83
Q

diploid number of chromosomes

A

46

84
Q

haploid number of chromosomes

A

23

85
Q

how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes contain?

A

diploid number, 46

86
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo ____, in which a cell undergoes…

A

meiosis

undergoes 2 cell divisions to produce 4 haploid cells

87
Q

meiosis is also called ___ ____ because…

A

reduction division, because the total chromosome number is reduced by half

88
Q

the primary spermatocyte divides into ___ _____ _____

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

89
Q

how many chromosomes do the secondary spermatocytes contain?

A

23

90
Q

secondary spermatocytes divide into ___ ____ ____

A

2 new spermatids

91
Q

in total, ___ spermatids are produced

A

4

92
Q

spermatids develop into _____

A

spermatozoa (sperm cells)

93
Q

another name for sperm cells

A

spermatozoa

94
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatid becomes sperm cell

95
Q

what is the last part of spermatogenesis?

A

spermiogenesis

96
Q

steps of spermiogenesis

A
  1. acrosome formation
  2. mitochondrial reproduction
  3. flagellum formation
97
Q

acrosome formation

A

-1st step of spermiogenesis
-sac covers head of sperm and has digestive enzymes that penetrate the ova during fertilization

98
Q

mitochondrial reproduction

A

-2nd stage of spermatogenesis
-mitochondria replicate themselves and cluster to form a sightly coiled spiral around the neck of the sperm
-this supplies large amounts of ATP that propels the sperm by moving its flagellum

99
Q

flagellum formation

A

centrioles form microtubules that make up the flagellum

100
Q

parts of the spermatozoa

A
  1. head (contains nucleus w haploid chromosomes)
  2. midpiece (mitochondria that produce ATP)
  3. tail (flagellum): contains microtubules that propel sperm cell

A&P Term 3 (9 decks)

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