A&P Term 3 Lab #9: Male Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
the ______ system is the only organ system in the body who’s primary job is not maintaining homeostasis
A
reproductive
2
Q
male and female reproductive systems exist in order to…
A
recombine and pass along genetic information to a new individual
3
Q
hormones
A
chemicals secreted into the bloodstream to act on distant targets
4
Q
the reproductive system is the only system in the body that produces new cells that are _____ ____ from the rest of the body’s cells
A
genetically different
5
Q
meiosis
A
reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half to produce gametes
6
Q
the reproductive system uses which type of cell division?
A
meiosis
7
Q
most of the cells in the body reproduce by ____
A
mitosis
8
Q
mitosis
A
daughter cell is identical to parent cell
9
Q
male and female gametes
A
eggs and sperm
10
Q
gametes combine to produce a ____
A
zygote
11
Q
zygote
A
fertilized egg
12
Q
how many chromosomes does a zygote have?
A
46
13
Q
reproductive system main role
A
perpetuating the species
14
Q
main organs of the reproductive system
A
the gonads (ovaries and testes), which produce gametes (eggs and sperm)
15
Q
main function of the gonads and gametes
A
gametogenesis
16
Q
gametogenesis
A
the formation of new gametes
17
Q
testes
A
gamete-producing organs of the male
18
Q
where are the testes located?
A
outside the body, in a sac called the scrotum
19
Q
scrotum
A
the sac that surrounds the testes
20
Q
what is the scrotum composed of?
A
skin, connective tissue, and a layer of smooth muscle called the dartos muscle
21
Q
why are the testes located externally?
A
because sperm production requires 34°C (94°F), which is below body temperature
22
Q
the scrotum has a _____ _____ _____ that divides it into 2 chambers
A
connective tissue septum
23
Q
cremaster muscle
A
smooth muscle tissue that surrounds each testes in the scrotum
24
Q
what is the smooth muscle tissue that surrounds each testes in the scrotum called?
A
cremaster muscle
25
cremaster muscle function
contracts to control the testes' distance from the body and therefore their temperature
26
the connective tissue deep to the scrotum extends up into the pelvic cavity to form the _____ _____
spermatic cord
27
the spermatic cord surrounds the...
1. cremaster muscle
2. testicular artery
3. pampiniform venous plexus
4. ductus deferens
5. nerves that supply the testes
28
pampiniform venous plexus
group of veins draining the testes
29
what is the group of veins draining the testes called?
pampiniform venous plexus
30
ductus deferens
duct that transports sperm
31
duct that transports sperm
ductus deferens
32
the spermatic cord passes into the pelvic cavity through the _____ ______ _____
external inguinal ring
33
external inguinal ring
opening to a small passageway called the inguinal canal
34
2 sheaths below the cremaster:
1. superficial tunica vaginalis
2. deep tunica albuginea
35
superficial tunica vaginalis
serous membrane, one of the 2 sheaths below the cremaster muscle
36
deep tunica albuginea
connective tissue that divides the interior of each testis into lobules, one of the 2 sheaths below the cremaster muscle
37
each lobule of the testes contains a tightly coiled _____ ______
seminiferous tubule
38
where does spermatogenesis take place?
in the seminiferous tubules
39
spermatogenesis
formation of sperm cells
40
the seminiferous tubules converge near the superior part of the testis to form a _____ _____
rete testis
41
the rete testis exits the testes to join the _____
epididymis
42
what is the first segment of the duct system of the male reproductive tract?
epididymis
43
3 portions of the epididymis
1. initial head
2. middle body
3. final tail
44
immature sperm are produced by the...
seminiferous tubules
45
the immature sperm migrate through each region of the ______ until they are mature, and then they leave through the ____ ____
seminiferous tubules, ductus deferens
46
the ductus deferens ascends through the pelvic cavity and curls ______and _____ around the _____ _____
posteriorly and superiorly, around the bladder
47
on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder, the ductus deferens widens to form the _____
ampulla
48
the duct leaving the ampulla merges with the _____ _____, and together they form the _____ _____
seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
49
the ejaculatory duct passes through the _____ ______
prostate gland
50
where is the prostate gland located?
on the inferior surface of the urinary bladder
51
what is the first segment of the urethra?
prostatic urethra
52
the prostatic urethra becomes the ______ urethra as it exits the _____
membranous urethra, prostate
53
the membranous urethra becomes the ______ urethra as it enters the _____ ______ of the penis
spongy urethra, corpus spongiosum
54
parts of the urethra
1. prostatic urethra
2. membranous urethra
3. spongy urethra
55
the urethra terminates at the ____ _____ ______ (aka the ...)
external urethral orifice, tip of the penis
56
male reproductive tract has ___ exocrine glands. name them.
3
1. prostate gland + seminal vesicles
2. bulbourethral glands (2)
57
bulbourethral glands
set of two small glands located at the root of the penis
58
bulbourethral glands function
produce an alkaline secretion released prior to the release of sperm during ejaculation
59
seminal vesicles & prostate gland together produce approx. _____% of the volume of semen
90%
60
semen
a fluid that contains chemicals to nourish and activate sperm
61
where is semen produced?
seminal vesicles & prostate gland
62
penis
male copulatory organ
63
the penis consists of 3 erectile bodies:
1. single corpus spongiosum
2. paired dorsal corpora cavernosa
64
corpus spongiosum
surrounds the urethra, enlarges to form glans penis
65
all 3 of the erectile bodies consist of _____ _____ that fill with blood during an erection
vascular spaces
66
duct system simplified pathway
1. Seminiferous tubule
2. Rete testis
3. Efferent ductules
4. Epididymis
5. Ductus Deferens
6. Ejaculatory duct
7. Urethra
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67
spermatogenesis begins in ______ and continues throughout _____
puberty, adulthood
68
where does spermatogenesis occur? how long does it take to complete?
seminiferous tubules, 2-2.5 months
69
spermatogenesis ends when sperm cells are released into the...
lumen of the seminiferous tubules
70
what are one of the hormones that regulate spermatogenesis?
testosterone
71
testosterone is secreted by...
interstitial cells (aka cells of leydig)
72
interstitial cells are also known as...
cells of leydig
73
where are interstitial cells located?
in between the seminiferous tubules
74
what cells compose the WALLS of the seminiferous tubules?
sustentacular cells (aka Sertoli cells)
75
what are sustentacular cells also known as?
sertoli cells
76
sustentacular cells compose...
the walls of the seminiferous tubules
77
sustentacular cells function
1. physically support and nourish developing sperm cells
2. control the movement of developing sperm cells
3. remove wastes
4. produce fluid that fills the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
78
each sustentacular cell is joined tightly by ____ _____
tight junctions
79
function of tight junctions
helps maintain the blood testis barrier
80
blood testis barrier functions
1. protects developing sperm from potentially harmful substances (barrier prevents proteins/large molecules from coming into direct contact w DSC)
2. prevents the immune system from being exposed to sperm cell antigens not found on any other body cells
81
stages in spermatogenesis
1. spermatogonium (SG)
2. Primary spermatocyte (PS)
3. secondary spermatocyte (SS)
4. early spermatids (EST)
5. late spermatid (LST)
6. sperm cells (S)
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82
spermatogonium
stem cell found in outer wall of seminiferous tubules within testes
-undergoes cell division to produce 2 copies
-1 copy remains in outer wall as new spermatogonium, 2nd copy turns into slightly larger primary spermatocyte
83
diploid number of chromosomes
46
84
haploid number of chromosomes
23
85
how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes contain?
diploid number, 46
86
primary spermatocytes undergo ____, in which a cell undergoes...
meiosis
undergoes 2 cell divisions to produce 4 haploid cells
87
meiosis is also called ___ ____ because...
reduction division, because the total chromosome number is reduced by half
88
the primary spermatocyte divides into ___ _____ _____
2 secondary spermatocytes
89
how many chromosomes do the secondary spermatocytes contain?
23
90
secondary spermatocytes divide into ___ ____ ____
2 new spermatids
91
in total, ___ spermatids are produced
4
92
spermatids develop into _____
spermatozoa (sperm cells)
93
another name for sperm cells
spermatozoa
94
spermiogenesis
spermatid becomes sperm cell
95
what is the last part of spermatogenesis?
spermiogenesis
96
steps of spermiogenesis
1. acrosome formation
2. mitochondrial reproduction
3. flagellum formation
97
acrosome formation
-1st step of spermiogenesis
-sac covers head of sperm and has digestive enzymes that penetrate the ova during fertilization
98
mitochondrial reproduction
-2nd stage of spermatogenesis
-mitochondria replicate themselves and cluster to form a sightly coiled spiral around the neck of the sperm
-this supplies large amounts of ATP that propels the sperm by moving its flagellum
99
flagellum formation
centrioles form microtubules that make up the flagellum
100
parts of the spermatozoa
1. head (contains nucleus w haploid chromosomes)
2. midpiece (mitochondria that produce ATP)
3. tail (flagellum): contains microtubules that propel sperm cell
