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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #1: Endocrine System & Blood- Part 1 > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #1: Endocrine System & Blood- Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system’s primary means of travel?

A

blood

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2
Q

Endocrine & Nervous system function

A

Provides means for regulating other organ system and tissues and maintaining homeostasis

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3
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous system response

A

-Nervous system has a fast response and very specific, localized targets of action (but doesn’t last long)

-Endocrine has a slow response system, and it can take hours/days/weeks to elicit noticeable changes throughout organs and tissues

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4
Q

What are the two liquid tissues in the body?

A

Blood and CSF

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5
Q

Blood is a _______ liquid tissue. Why?

A

Blood is a connective tissue because the liquid matrix (plasma) occupies more space in the tissue than the formed elements (cells and cell fragments)

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6
Q

Endocrine system

A

a diverse group of ductless glands that plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis of multiple physiological barriers (organ systems/tissues)

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7
Q

The endocrine system works with the ______ system, which also maintains homeostasis of physiological variables

A

nervous system

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8
Q

The nervous system functions via _____ ______- (or _____ ______) and releases _______ that directly effect target cells. Effects are ______ but _____ in duration.

A

-via action potentials or nerve impulses
-releases neurotransmitters
-effects are immediate but short in duration

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9
Q

The endocrine system functions via ______ __ ______. Effects are __ ________ but are _____ lasting.

A

-functions via secretion of hormones
-effects are not immediate but longer lasting

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10
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals released into the bloodstream that typically act on distant targets

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11
Q

Function of hormones

A

-regulate processes of other cells
-regulate production of enzymes and hormones
-change metabolic rate of the cell
-alter permeability of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Between hormones, the endocrine glands, and cells, who is the boss, worker, and middle manager, and why?

A

The hormones are the “middle managers” because they communicate messages from their “bosses”, the endocrine glands, and tell the other “workers”, cells, what to do

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13
Q

What are the 10 organs in the body that have hormone secretion as a primary function?

What are the organs that have hormone secretion as a secondary function?

A

Harry Potter Promised To Practice Tasks As Person Of Tournament

H- Hypothalamus
P- Pituitary gland
P- Pineal gland
T- Thyroid
P- Parathyroid
T- Thymus
A- Adrenal
P- Pancreas
O- Ovaries
T- Testes

Secondary function

H- Heart
A- Adipose tissue
S- Stomach
K- Kidneys

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14
Q

What kind of organ is the Hypothalamus? What business role does it play in the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ, and it is the CEO of the endocrine system

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15
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Inferior part of the diencephalon

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16
Q

The hypothalamus is attached to the _____ gland by a stalk called the ______.

A

The hypothalamus is attached to the pituitary gland by a stalk called the infundibulum

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17
Q

What kinds of hormones does the hypothalamus produce? What do they do?

A

-Type 1 is the inhibiting and releasing hormones. They inhibit and stimulate secretion from the anterior pituitary gland.

-Type 2 is the oxytocin & antidiuretic hormones.
Oxytocin triggers uterine contraction and milk ejection from the mammary gland
Antidiuretic hormones cause water retention from the kidneys

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18
Q

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland via the ______-______ _____ _____, which is a ______________.

A

via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, which is a specialized set of blood vessels

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19
Q

Hypothalamus hormones run down the _______ and are stored in the ______ _______

A

run down the infundibulum, where they are stored in the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

The pituitary gland is made up of two parts. What are they?

A

The anterior pituitary gland (aka the adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary gland (aka the neurohypophysis)

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21
Q

What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypopysis) made of?

A

glandular epithelium

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22
Q

What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary gland mostly produce?

A

The anterior pituitary gland produces tropic hormones.

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23
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Ones that influence the functions of other glands

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24
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce? They are all tropic except for….

A

Go Look For The Asshole Please

G- Growth hormone
L- Luteinizing hormone
F- Follicle-stimulating
T- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
A- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
P- Prolactin

They are all tropic except for the growth hormone

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25
Q

What does the thyroid-stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates growth of and secretion from the thyroid

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26
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production from mammary glands

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27
Q

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

stimulates secretion from the adrenal cortex

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28
Q

What do the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones do?

A

They are both reproductive hormones and primarily effect the testes and ovaries

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29
Q

What does the growth hormone do?

A

Increases the rate of cell division and protein synthesis in all tissues (has both tropic and nontropic effects)

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30
Q

What tissue is the posterior pituitary gland composed of?

A

nervous tissue (rather than glandular tissue in the anterior pituitary gland)

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31
Q

What kind of organ is the pineal gland? What does it do and where does it act?

A

The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ. It secretes melatonin in response to decreased light levels and acts on the brainstem to trigger sleep

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32
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

The posterior and superior part of the diencephalon

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33
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

It is located in the anterior and inferior part of the neck, superficial to the larynx

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34
Q

The thyroid gland consists of right and left lobes connected by a thin band of tissue called the _______

A

isthmus

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35
Q

Microscopically, the thyroid is composed of hollow spheres called the _______ ______. They are lined by simple cuboidal cells called _______ ______, that surround a gelatinous, iodine-rich substance called the ____.

A
  1. thyroid follicles
  2. follicle cells
  3. colloid
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36
Q

What are the 3 microscopic components of the thyroid gland? describe them.

A

The first are the thyroid follicles. They are hollow spheres. They are lined by simple cuboidal cells called follicle cells. The last component is the colloid, which is a gelatinous, iodine-rich substance that fills the thyroid follicles.

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37
Q

What hormone do the follicle cells respond to? Where does it come from? What is the response and the product?

A

-Follicle cells respond to the thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
-The follicle cells react by secreting a chemical into the colloid which reacts with the iodine to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

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38
Q

How many iodine molecules do thyroxine and triiodothyronine have?

A

triiodothyronine (T3) has 3 iodine molecules, and Thyroxine (T4) has 4 iodine molecules

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39
Q

Out of the thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones, which is more active?

A

T3 is most active

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40
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine do?

A

It acts on essentially all cells in the body to increase metabolic rate, increase protein synthesis, and regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and more.

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41
Q

Out of the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones, which is produced more? why?

A

10 times as much T4 is produced as T3, and the body converts T4 to T3 when the T3 levels in the blood drop

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42
Q

Where are parafollicular cells found? what is their function?

A

Parafollicular cells are found in between the thyroid follicles. They produce calcitonin, a hormone that plays a role in calcium ion homeostasis.

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43
Q

When do the parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin? why?

A

The parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin when calcium ion levels in the blood rise. This triggers osteoblast activity (building bone) and bone deposition (new bone is formed). This decreases calcium ion levels and therefore maintains calcium ion homeostasis

44
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

They are located on the posterior thyroid gland

45
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

It secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

46
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

It is the main hormone in the body that maintains calcium-ion homeostasis

47
Q

Why is parathyroid hormone secreted? what does it do?

A

The parathyroid hormone is secreted when calcium-ion levels are low. This triggers ostoclast activity (absorbs bone) and resorption of bone tissue, which increases calcium ion levels and therefore maintains calcium-ion homeostasis.

48
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Hormones that have opposite actions.

49
Q

What is the relationship between calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?

A

They are antagonists. Calcitonin decreases calcium ion levels and parathyroid hormone increases calcium ion levels. Together they maintain calcium ion homeostasis.

50
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

The superior mediastinum

51
Q

When is the thymus active?

A

The thymus is large and active in infancy and early childhood

52
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete? What is their function?

A

-Thymosin and thymopoietin
-They stimulate the development of T lymphocytes

53
Q

What happens to thymus tissue in adults?

A

It is gradually replaced by fat and other connective tissue

54
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

They sit atop the superior pole of each kidney

55
Q

The adrenal glands are composed of two structures. What are they called? What are they surrounded by?

A

-The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
-They are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

56
Q

What is the adrenal cortex? What tissue is it composed by? What is its function?

A

-The adrenal cortex is one of two structures of the adrenal glands. It is the superficial region of the adrenal gland.

-It is composed of glandular tissue

-It secretes hormones in response to stimulation by adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) (produced by the anterior pituitary gland)

57
Q

How many zones is the adrenal cortex made of? Name them.

A

The adrenal cortex is made up of 3 zones:

  • the zona glomerulosa (outermost zone)
  • the zona fasciculata (middle zone)
  • the zona reticularis (innermost zone)

Great Frats Rally

58
Q

What is the zona glomerulosa? What is its function?

A

It is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

It secretes steroids called mineralocorticoids (ex. aldosterone) that regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis

59
Q

What is the zona fasciculata? What is its function?

A

It is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex

It secretes steroids called glucocorticoids (ex. cortisol) that regulate the stress response, blood glucose, fluid homeostasis, and inflammation

60
Q

What is the zona reticularis? What is its function?

A

It is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex

It secretes glucocorticoids and steroids called gonadocorticoids that affect the gonads and other tissues

61
Q

The layers of the adrenal cortex (GFR) corresponds with salt, sugar, and sex- “the deeper you go, the sweeter it gets”. How does this relate to the secretions of the adrenal cortex layers?

A

G- zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids (salt)

F- zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids (sugar)

R- zona reticularis secretes glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids (sugar and sex)

62
Q

What is the adrenal medulla? What does it consist of?

A

-The adrenal medulla is the deep region of the adrenal gland

-It consists of modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons

63
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete and why? what is their function?

A

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). They are secreted into the blood in response to sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation)

This causes dilation of bronchioles, increase in rate and force contraction of the heart, constriction of blood vessels serving the skin and abdominal viscera, dilation of the pupils, and more

64
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

In between the kidneys

65
Q

The pancreas has both _____ and ______ functions

A

exocrine and endocrine

66
Q

The pancreas’ exocrine functions are carried out by …

A

a group of cells called the pancreatic acini

67
Q

What are the pancreatic acini?

A

a group of cells in the pancreas that carries out its exocrine functions

68
Q

What are pancreatic islets? what do they do?

A

They are small, round “islands” that are embedded within the pancreatic acini. They carry out the pancreas’ endocrine functions

69
Q

What do the cells within the pancreatic islets secrete? what is their function?

A

They secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon. They work together to regulate blood glucose levels

(similar to how calcitonin and PTH work together to regulate calcium-ion homeostasis)

70
Q

What do the Beta cells within the pancreatic islet produce? What is its function?

A

The beta cells produce insulin. Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose by cells and therefore decreases the concentration of glucose in the blood

71
Q

What do the Alpha cells in the pancreatic islet produce? what is its function?

A

They produce glucagon. Glucagon triggers release of stored glucose from the liver and production of new glucose, therefore increasing the concentration of glucose in the blood

72
Q

What are the testes and what do they do?

A

They are male reproductive organs that produce sperm cells, the male gametes

73
Q

What are the cells within the testes called? What do they do?

A

They are called interstitial cells, and they produce a hormone called testosterone

74
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

It promotes the production of sperm cells and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as:
-deeper voice
-greater bone and muscle mass
-facial hair

75
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Female reproductive organs that produce oocytes, the female gamete

76
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

They produce steroid hormones called estrogens and progesterone

77
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

They play a role in the development of oocytes and female secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and subcutaneous fat storage

78
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

prepare the body for pregnancy

79
Q

Blood consists of two main components. What are they?

A

plasma (fluid portion) and the formed elements (cell and cell fragments)

80
Q

What percentage of whole blood is plasma?

A

55%

81
Q

What does plasma primarily consist of?

A

water, proteins, and other solutes (such as nutrients and ions)

82
Q

What percentage of whole blood is formed elements?

A

45%

83
Q

What are the 3 elements in the formed elements portion of the blood? What percentage do each of them occupy?

A

Erythrocytes (44%)
Platelets ( > 1%)
Leukocytes ( > 1%)

84
Q

What are erythrocytes? What do they do?

A

Erythrocytes are red blood cells
they carry oxygen around the body on an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin

85
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

86
Q

What color are erythrocytes? Do they have a nucleus or organelles?

A

They are reddish-pink
They do not contain a nuclei and most organelles

87
Q

What are platelets?

A

cellular fragments

88
Q

What percentage of whole blood is platelets?

A

Less than 1%

89
Q

What are leukocytes? What do they do?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells. They play a role in the immune system

90
Q

What percentage of whole blood is leukocytes?

A

less than 1%

91
Q

What are the two subclasses of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

92
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

93
Q

What color do neutrophils stain and why?

A

a light pink because they do not react strongly with dyes (think neutrophils –> neutral)

94
Q

What color do eosinophils stain and why?

A

they stain bright red because they interact very strongly with the dye

95
Q

What color do basophils stain?

A

They stain purple

96
Q

What are the functions of the different types of granulocytes?

A

-Neutrophils: destroying bacteria
-Eosinophils: parasitic worms and allergy response
-Basophils: allergy response

97
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

They are one of the 2 subclasses of leukocytes. They contain cytoplasmic granules and become dyed when stained

98
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

They are one of the 2 subclasses of leukocytes. They do not contain cytoplasmic granules

99
Q

what are the types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

100
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes and what do they do?

A

B lymphocytes produce antibodies and T lymphocytes enhance the immune response and destroy cancer/virus infected cells

101
Q

What are mature monocytes called?

A

macrophages

102
Q

What do monocytes look like?

A

no cytoplasmic granules, u shaped/kidney bean nuclei

103
Q

What do lymphocytes look like?

A

no cytoplasmic granules, circle nuclei

104
Q

What do basophils look like?

A

lots of cytoplasmic granules, no nuclei visible

105
Q

What do eosinophils look like?

A

cytoplasmic granules, multiple nuclei lobes

106
Q

what do neutrophils look like?

A

cytoplasmic granules, multiple nuclei lobes but can vary in appearance

107
Q

When the nucleus of a neutrophil is stretched into a u-shape or singular band, it is called a …

A

band cell

A&P Term 3 (9 decks)

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