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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #5: Lymphatic & Immune System > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #5: Lymphatic & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

a diverse group of organs, tissues, and vessels that works in parallel to the cardiovascular system to maintain fluid homeostasis, works with the immune system by helping combat harmful agents, and functions as a clean-up crew

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2
Q

where does the lymphatic system work?

A

in the gastrointestinal system to absorb fats

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

thin-walled, low-pressure vessels that return excess tissue fluid to venous circulation, along with damaged cells, bits of tissues, and microbes that might be present in the tissues

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4
Q

lymph

A

a mixture of tissue fluid, cells, and microorganisms that flows back towards the venous system through lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Lymph nodes

A

small filters that lymph passes through

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6
Q

Major operational sites for the immune system

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissues

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7
Q

Immune system

A

a collection of cells and proteins that specifically targets foreign cells to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from cellular injury such as trauma or pathogens

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8
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-causing organisms, cells, or chemicals

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9
Q

Lymphocytes

A

cells of the immune system

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10
Q

3 primary functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart
  2. Absorbing Dietary fats
  3. Activating the immune system
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11
Q

The process of filtration pushes ____ of water out of the blood and into the interstitial fluid

A

1.5 mL/min

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12
Q

Lymphatic system picks up this ___, carries it through ___, and returns it to the ____

A

lost interstitial fluid,

lymphatic vessels,

cardiovascular system

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13
Q

steps of transporting excess intersititial fluid back to the heart

A
  1. First enters lymph capillaries that surround blood capillary beds.
  2. lymph is delivered to larger lymph-collecting vessels
  3. Lymph-containing vessels drain into larger lymph trunks.
  4. The lymph trunks drain into the final vessels of the lymphatic circuit: lymph ducts
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14
Q

what kind of walls do blood capillary beds have?

A

highly permeable walls that allow substances to enter and exit

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15
Q

Once inside the lymph capillaries, the fluid is called ____

A

lymph

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16
Q

lymph-containing vessels contain ____. Why?

A

valves to enure that the lymph flows in one direction

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17
Q

9 main lymph trunks that drain lymph from major body regions. Each has 2 except for….

A
  • Jugular trunks
  • Subclavian trunks
  • Bronchomediastinal trunks
  • Intestinal trunk
  • Lumbar trunks

Just Smutty Books I Love

all have 2 except for intestinal trunk

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18
Q

2 lymph ducts

A
  • Right Lymphatic duct
    • Thoracic duct
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19
Q

what does the jugular trunk drain?

A

head and neck

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20
Q

what does the subclavian trunk drain

A

upper limbs

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21
Q

what does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain?

A

thorax

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22
Q

what does the intestinal trunk drain?

A

abdomen

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23
Q

what does the thoracic trunk drain

A

pelvis and lower limbs

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24
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?
where does it deliver blood?

A

drains the right upper limb and the right side of the head, neck, and thorax.

Delivers the lymph to the blood at the junction of the right subclavian and
internal jugular veins.

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25
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain?
where does it deliver blood?

A

drains the remainder of the body.

Delivers the lymph to the blood at the
junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

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26
Q

dietary fats cannot be absorbed from the ______ ______ directly into the blood capillaries. why? what do they enter instead?

A

small intestine

because they are too large to enter the small vessels

Instead, fats enter a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal

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27
Q

The lacteal delivers the fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks, and then enters a large lymphatic duct called the ____ _____

A

cisterna chyli

28
Q

what does the cistern chyli drain into?

A

the thoracic duct, where the fats join the rest of the lymph

29
Q

steps of the lymphatic system absorbing dietary fats

A
  1. fats enter a lacteal (lymphatic capillary)
  2. lacteal delivers fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks
  3. fats get drained into cisterna chyli (large lymphatic duct)
  4. cisterna chyli drains into thoracic duct
  5. fats join rest of lymph in thoracic duct
30
Q

which lymphatic organs activate the immune system?

A

-thymus
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue and tonsils

That Little Slut Made A Large Threat

31
Q

thymus composition and location

A

composed of two lobes and many small lobules that is located in the anterior mediastinum

32
Q

thymus hormone secretion and function

A

secretes hormones thymosin and thymopoietin that stimulate T lymphocyte maturation

33
Q

when is the thymus most active?

A

largest and most active in infants and young children

34
Q

what happens to the thymus in adults?

A

it shrinks and becomes filled with adipose/other connective tissue

35
Q

lymph nodes structure and function

A

-arrangements of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

-act as filters that remove potential pathogens from the lymph before it is delivered to the blood

36
Q

why are lymph nodes not considered a gland?

A

because they do not secrete any products

37
Q

lymph are located along…

A

lymphatic vessels

38
Q

afferent vs efferent lymphatic vessels

A

lymph is delivered by afferent lymphatic vessels and drained by an efferent lymphatic vessel

39
Q

lymph is delivered by _____ lymphatic vessels

A

afferent

40
Q

lymph is drained by _____ lymphatic vessels

A

efferent

41
Q

lymph are individual but there are 4 well known clusters:

A

→ cervical node
→ axillary node
→ inguinal node
→ mesenteric/intestinal node

Can Anyone Interest Me??

42
Q

a lymph node consists of 2 main parts

A

outer lymph node cortex and an inner lymph node medulla

43
Q

lymph node cortex contains…

A

immune cells such as lymphocytes (mostly B-lymphocytes) and macrophages

44
Q

immune cells in the lymph node cortex are arranged into clusters called…

A

lymphoid follicles

45
Q

lymphoid follicles

A

clusters of immune cells (lymphocytes, mostly B-lymphocytes and macrophages) that are arranged into clusters

46
Q

what separates the lymphoid follicles in the lymph node?

A

trabeculae

47
Q

trabeculae

A

inward extensions of the lymph node capsule that separate the lymphoid follicles

48
Q

germinal centers

A

the lighter areas in the center of lymphoid follicles that contains dendritic cells, macrophages, and a large number of B lymphocytes

49
Q

spleen location and function

A

a lymphatic organ that resides in the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity that filters the blood and houses phagocytes

50
Q

spleen’s 2 histologically distinct regions

A

red pulp and white pulp

51
Q

red pulp

A

contains macrophages surrounding trabecular veins that destroy old or damaged erythrocytes

52
Q

white pulp

A

ontains T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that surround branches of the splenic artery called central arteries

53
Q

branches of the splenic artery are called

A

central arteries

54
Q

blood flows through the central arteries and a series of arterioles until it gets to the____

A

spleen’s capillaries: the sinusoids

55
Q

what are the spleen’s capillaries called

A

sinusoids

56
Q

sinusoids

A

spleen’s capillaries

57
Q

pathogens leak from the blood into the ____, where they encounter the ____

A

white pulp

immune cells that attempt to remove them from the blood.

58
Q

flow of blood filter in the spleen

A
  1. flows through red pulp that destroys old or damaged erythrocytes
  2. flows through white pulp with central arteries
  3. central arteries to sinusoids
  4. pathogens leak from blood into white pulp where immune system removes them from blood
59
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

60
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A

clusters of loosely organized lymphatic tissue that are scattered throughout mucous membranes in locations such as the gastrointestinal tract

61
Q

MALT lacks a ____, but…

A

a connective tissue capsule, but specialized MALT are partially encapsulated

62
Q

example of specialized MALT

A

tonsils

63
Q

tonsils

A

found in the posterior oropharynx and nasopharynx, are specialized MALT

64
Q

list the tonsils

A

→ pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
→ paired palatine tonsils
→ inguinal tonsil
→ tubal tonsils

PP’s Present In Tempe

65
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

clusters of MALT located in the terminal position of the small intestine, the ileum

66
Q

what’s the difference between peyer’s patches and lymph nodes?

A

somewhat resemble lymph nodes, but their lymphoid follicles & germinal centers are less well defined, and the capsules are incomplete/absent

67
Q

how to easily identify tonsil histology?

A

look for the tonsilar crypts

A&P Term 3 (9 decks)

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