A&P Term 3 Lab #5: Lymphatic & Immune System

Question 1

Lymphatic system

Answer 1

a diverse group of organs, tissues, and vessels that works in parallel to the cardiovascular system to maintain fluid homeostasis, works with the immune system by helping combat harmful agents, and functions as a clean-up crew

Question 2

where does the lymphatic system work?

Answer 2

in the gastrointestinal system to absorb fats

Question 3

lymphatic vessels

Answer 3

thin-walled, low-pressure vessels that return excess tissue fluid to venous circulation, along with damaged cells, bits of tissues, and microbes that might be present in the tissues

Question 4

lymph

Answer 4

a mixture of tissue fluid, cells, and microorganisms that flows back towards the venous system through lymphatic vessels

Question 5

Lymph nodes

Answer 5

small filters that lymph passes through

Question 6

Major operational sites for the immune system

Answer 6

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissues

Question 7

Immune system

Answer 7

a collection of cells and proteins that specifically targets foreign cells to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from cellular injury such as trauma or pathogens

Question 8

Pathogens

Answer 8

disease-causing organisms, cells, or chemicals

Question 9

Lymphocytes

Answer 9

cells of the immune system

Question 10

3 primary functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 10

1. Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart
2. Absorbing Dietary fats
3. Activating the immune system

Question 11

The process of filtration pushes ____ of water out of the blood and into the interstitial fluid

Answer 11

1.5 mL/min

Question 12

Lymphatic system picks up this ___, carries it through ___, and returns it to the ____

Answer 12

lost interstitial fluid,

lymphatic vessels,

cardiovascular system

Question 13

steps of transporting excess intersititial fluid back to the heart

Answer 13

1. First enters lymph capillaries that surround blood capillary beds.
2. lymph is delivered to larger lymph-collecting vessels
3. Lymph-containing vessels drain into larger lymph trunks.
4. The lymph trunks drain into the final vessels of the lymphatic circuit: lymph ducts

Question 14

what kind of walls do blood capillary beds have?

Answer 14

highly permeable walls that allow substances to enter and exit

Question 15

Once inside the lymph capillaries, the fluid is called ____

Answer 15

lymph

Question 16

lymph-containing vessels contain ____. Why?

Answer 16

valves to enure that the lymph flows in one direction

Question 17

9 main lymph trunks that drain lymph from major body regions. Each has 2 except for….

Answer 17

• Jugular trunks
• Subclavian trunks
• Bronchomediastinal trunks
• Intestinal trunk
• Lumbar trunks

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all have 2 except for intestinal trunk

Question 18

2 lymph ducts

Answer 18

• Right Lymphatic duct
  
  • Thoracic duct

Question 19

what does the jugular trunk drain?

Answer 19

head and neck

Question 20

what does the subclavian trunk drain

Answer 20

upper limbs

Question 21

what does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain?

Answer 21

thorax

Question 22

what does the intestinal trunk drain?

Answer 22

abdomen

Question 23

what does the thoracic trunk drain

Answer 23

pelvis and lower limbs

Question 24

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?
where does it deliver blood?

Answer 24

drains the right upper limb and the right side of the head, neck, and thorax.

Delivers the lymph to the blood at the junction of the right subclavian and
internal jugular veins.

Question 25

what does the thoracic duct drain? where does it deliver blood?

Answer 25

drains the remainder of the body. Delivers the lymph to the blood at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 26

dietary fats cannot be absorbed from the ______ ______ directly into the blood capillaries. why? what do they enter instead?

Answer 26

small intestine because they are too large to enter the small vessels Instead, fats enter a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal

Question 27

The lacteal delivers the fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks, and then enters a large lymphatic duct called the ____ _____

Answer 27

cisterna chyli

Question 28

what does the cistern chyli drain into?

Answer 28

the thoracic duct, where the fats join the rest of the lymph

Question 29

steps of the lymphatic system absorbing dietary fats

Answer 29

1. fats enter a lacteal (lymphatic capillary) 2. lacteal delivers fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks 3. fats get drained into cisterna chyli (large lymphatic duct) 4. cisterna chyli drains into thoracic duct 5. fats join rest of lymph in thoracic duct

Question 30

which lymphatic organs activate the immune system?

Answer 30

-thymus -lymph nodes -spleen -Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue and tonsils That Little Slut Made A Large Threat

Question 31

thymus composition and location

Answer 31

composed of two lobes and many small lobules that is located in the anterior mediastinum

Question 32

thymus hormone secretion and function

Answer 32

secretes hormones thymosin and thymopoietin that stimulate T lymphocyte maturation

Question 33

when is the thymus most active?

Answer 33

largest and most active in infants and young children

Question 34

what happens to the thymus in adults?

Answer 34

it shrinks and becomes filled with adipose/other connective tissue

Question 35

lymph nodes structure and function

Answer 35

-arrangements of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a connective tissue capsule -act as filters that remove potential pathogens from the lymph before it is delivered to the blood

Question 36

why are lymph nodes not considered a gland?

Answer 36

because they do not secrete any products

Question 37

lymph are located along...

Answer 37

lymphatic vessels

Question 38

afferent vs efferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 38

lymph is delivered by afferent lymphatic vessels and drained by an efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 39

lymph is delivered by _____ lymphatic vessels

Answer 39

afferent

Question 40

lymph is drained by _____ lymphatic vessels

Answer 40

efferent

Question 41

lymph are individual but there are 4 well known clusters:

Answer 41

→ cervical node → axillary node → inguinal node → mesenteric/intestinal node Can Anyone Interest Me??

Question 42

a lymph node consists of 2 main parts

Answer 42

outer lymph node cortex and an inner lymph node medulla

Question 43

lymph node cortex contains...

Answer 43

immune cells such as lymphocytes (mostly B-lymphocytes) and macrophages

Question 44

immune cells in the lymph node cortex are arranged into clusters called...

Answer 44

lymphoid follicles

Question 45

lymphoid follicles

Answer 45

clusters of immune cells (lymphocytes, mostly B-lymphocytes and macrophages) that are arranged into clusters

Question 46

what separates the lymphoid follicles in the lymph node?

Answer 46

trabeculae

Question 47

trabeculae

Answer 47

inward extensions of the lymph node capsule that separate the lymphoid follicles

Question 48

germinal centers

Answer 48

the lighter areas in the center of lymphoid follicles that contains dendritic cells, macrophages, and a large number of B lymphocytes

Question 49

spleen location and function

Answer 49

a lymphatic organ that resides in the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity that filters the blood and houses phagocytes

Question 50

spleen's 2 histologically distinct regions

Answer 50

red pulp and white pulp

Question 51

red pulp

Answer 51

contains macrophages surrounding trabecular veins that destroy old or damaged erythrocytes

Question 52

white pulp

Answer 52

ontains T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that surround branches of the splenic artery called central arteries

Question 53

branches of the splenic artery are called

Answer 53

central arteries

Question 54

blood flows through the central arteries and a series of arterioles until it gets to the____

Answer 54

spleen’s capillaries: the sinusoids

Question 55

what are the spleen's capillaries called

Answer 55

sinusoids

Question 56

sinusoids

Answer 56

spleen's capillaries

Question 57

pathogens leak from the blood into the ____, where they encounter the ____

Answer 57

white pulp immune cells that attempt to remove them from the blood.

Question 58

flow of blood filter in the spleen

Answer 58

1. flows through red pulp that destroys old or damaged erythrocytes 2. flows through white pulp with central arteries 3. central arteries to sinusoids 4. pathogens leak from blood into white pulp where immune system removes them from blood

Question 59

MALT

Answer 59

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 60

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Answer 60

clusters of loosely organized lymphatic tissue that are scattered throughout mucous membranes in locations such as the gastrointestinal tract

Question 61

MALT lacks a ____, but...

Answer 61

a connective tissue capsule, but specialized MALT are partially encapsulated

Question 62

example of specialized MALT

Answer 62

tonsils

Question 63

tonsils

Answer 63

found in the posterior oropharynx and nasopharynx, are specialized MALT

Question 64

list the tonsils

Answer 64

→ pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) → paired palatine tonsils → inguinal tonsil → tubal tonsils PP's Present In Tempe

Question 65

Peyer’s patches

Answer 65

clusters of MALT located in the terminal position of the small intestine, the ileum

Question 66

what's the difference between peyer's patches and lymph nodes?

Answer 66

somewhat resemble lymph nodes, but their lymphoid follicles & germinal centers are less well defined, and the capsules are incomplete/absent

Question 67

how to easily identify tonsil histology?

Answer 67

look for the tonsilar crypts