A&P Term 3 Lab #2 Blood Typing and Cardiovascular System pt. 1 Flashcards
Blood transfusion
the infusion of a recipient with a donor’s blood cells
What must be done before a blood transfusion? Why?
Before a blood transfusion, a medical provider must match the patient’s blood type with a suitable donor.
This is necessary because there are A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the donor’s erythrocytes and on the recipient’s erythrocytes. If a donor’s erythrocytes have antigens that the recipient’s immune system recognizes as foreign, the recipient’s antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) the foreign erythrocytes
agglutinate
clump together
hemolysis
the process in which the recipient’s immune system destroys agglutinated erythrocytes that it has recognized as foreign
Transfusion reaction
when a recipient’s blood recognizes the donor’s blood as foreign and rejects it
this is a medical emergency that can lead to kidney failure and death
How can we ensure that a transfusion reaction will not occur?
we must make sure the donor blood does not have antigens that the recipient’s immune system will recognize as foreign
For the ABO blood group, our immune systems produce antibodies to any antigen ____ _______ on the surface of our own cells
NOT present
list the ABO blood types and their antigens/antibodies
-Type A blood has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
-Type B blood has B antigens and anti-A antibodies
-Type AB has both A and B antigens and has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
-Type O has neither A or B antigens and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Explain the Rh-positive and negative blood types’ antigens
-People with Rh-positive blood do not produce anti-Rh antibodies
-People with Rh-negative blood (if they’ve been exposed) do produce anti-Rh antibodies
What blood type is a universal recipient? Why?
People with AB+ blood can recieve from any donor type because their erythrocytes have all 3 antigens and no antibodies against any blood type
what blood type is a universal donor? why?
People with type O blood have none of the three antigens so there is nothing for any recipient’s antibodies to attack
Cardiovascular system
a complex structure that is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, water, and solutes to the tissues of the body, as well as transporting waste products from tissues for excretion
The cardiovascular system pumps approx. ____ _______ of blood around the body per day
8,000 liters
The heart beats more than _____ times a day
100,000
Cardiac muscle tissue is ____
striated
what are the cells of cardiac muscle called?
Cardiac myocytes
describe cardiac myocytes
→ shorter, wider, and branched
→ uninucleate (one nucleus) and it is generally located in the center of the cell
→ contain intercalated discs that appear as dark lines parallel to the striations
Intercalated disks function & location
→ parallel to cardiac monocytes
→ contain desmosomes and gap junctions that hold adjacent cardiac cells tightly together to allow the cells to communicate chemically and electrically
→ they enable the heart to contract as a unit
Cardiac conduction system
a group of cells that allows the heart to function together as a unit
The heart is located in the ________ and is approx. the size of a ___
mediastinum, fist
Pericardium
a double layered membrane that surrounds the heart
The pericardium consists of 2 layers. What are they called?
the fibrous pericardium and the Parietal/serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium (what is it? what does it do? what is it made of?)
-the outermost 1/2 layer of the pericardium
-anchors the heart to surrounding structures
-made of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that is not very distensible, which helps prevent the heart from overfilling
Parietal/serous pericardium (what is it? where?)
-the innermost 1/2 layer of the pericardium
-It is functionally fused to the fibrous pericardium
-The inner portion is attached to the heart muscle and is called the visceral pericardium (or the epicardium).
what is the inner portion of the parietal pericardium called?
visceral pericardium (or epicardium)
visceral pericardium (what is it? what is it attached to?)
the inner portion of the parietal pericardium, attached to the heart muscle
what is another name for the visceral pericardium?
epicardium
Pericardial cavity + function
-the narrow space between the parietal and visceral layers that is filled with a thin layer of serous fluid
→ The fluid within the pericardial cavity helps the heart to beat without friction
The heart itself consists of three tissue layers…
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium