A&P Term 3 Lab #2 Blood Typing and Cardiovascular System pt. 1 Flashcards
Blood transfusion
the infusion of a recipient with a donor’s blood cells
What must be done before a blood transfusion? Why?
Before a blood transfusion, a medical provider must match the patient’s blood type with a suitable donor.
This is necessary because there are A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the donor’s erythrocytes and on the recipient’s erythrocytes. If a donor’s erythrocytes have antigens that the recipient’s immune system recognizes as foreign, the recipient’s antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) the foreign erythrocytes
agglutinate
clump together
hemolysis
the process in which the recipient’s immune system destroys agglutinated erythrocytes that it has recognized as foreign
Transfusion reaction
when a recipient’s blood recognizes the donor’s blood as foreign and rejects it
this is a medical emergency that can lead to kidney failure and death
How can we ensure that a transfusion reaction will not occur?
we must make sure the donor blood does not have antigens that the recipient’s immune system will recognize as foreign
For the ABO blood group, our immune systems produce antibodies to any antigen ____ _______ on the surface of our own cells
NOT present
list the ABO blood types and their antigens/antibodies
-Type A blood has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
-Type B blood has B antigens and anti-A antibodies
-Type AB has both A and B antigens and has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
-Type O has neither A or B antigens and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Explain the Rh-positive and negative blood types’ antigens
-People with Rh-positive blood do not produce anti-Rh antibodies
-People with Rh-negative blood (if they’ve been exposed) do produce anti-Rh antibodies
What blood type is a universal recipient? Why?
People with AB+ blood can recieve from any donor type because their erythrocytes have all 3 antigens and no antibodies against any blood type
what blood type is a universal donor? why?
People with type O blood have none of the three antigens so there is nothing for any recipient’s antibodies to attack
Cardiovascular system
a complex structure that is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, water, and solutes to the tissues of the body, as well as transporting waste products from tissues for excretion
The cardiovascular system pumps approx. ____ _______ of blood around the body per day
8,000 liters
The heart beats more than _____ times a day
100,000
Cardiac muscle tissue is ____
striated
what are the cells of cardiac muscle called?
Cardiac myocytes
describe cardiac myocytes
→ shorter, wider, and branched
→ uninucleate (one nucleus) and it is generally located in the center of the cell
→ contain intercalated discs that appear as dark lines parallel to the striations
Intercalated disks function & location
→ parallel to cardiac monocytes
→ contain desmosomes and gap junctions that hold adjacent cardiac cells tightly together to allow the cells to communicate chemically and electrically
→ they enable the heart to contract as a unit
Cardiac conduction system
a group of cells that allows the heart to function together as a unit
The heart is located in the ________ and is approx. the size of a ___
mediastinum, fist
Pericardium
a double layered membrane that surrounds the heart
The pericardium consists of 2 layers. What are they called?
the fibrous pericardium and the Parietal/serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium (what is it? what does it do? what is it made of?)
-the outermost 1/2 layer of the pericardium
-anchors the heart to surrounding structures
-made of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that is not very distensible, which helps prevent the heart from overfilling
Parietal/serous pericardium (what is it? where?)
-the innermost 1/2 layer of the pericardium
-It is functionally fused to the fibrous pericardium
-The inner portion is attached to the heart muscle and is called the visceral pericardium (or the epicardium).
what is the inner portion of the parietal pericardium called?
visceral pericardium (or epicardium)
visceral pericardium (what is it? what is it attached to?)
the inner portion of the parietal pericardium, attached to the heart muscle
what is another name for the visceral pericardium?
epicardium
Pericardial cavity + function
-the narrow space between the parietal and visceral layers that is filled with a thin layer of serous fluid
→ The fluid within the pericardial cavity helps the heart to beat without friction
The heart itself consists of three tissue layers…
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
what is the epicardium (or visceral pericardium)? what is it made of?
the outermost layer of the heart wall (out of 3). It consists of a layer of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue.
what is another name for the epicardium?
visceral pericardium
what is the Myocardium? what is it made of?
The middle layer (out of 3) and the actual muscle of the heart. It consists of cardiac muscle tissue and its fibrous skeleton.
what is the Endocardium? what is it made of?
The innermost layer of the heart (out of 3) and is composed of a type of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium
- It is continuous with the endothelium lining all the blood vessels in the body.
The heart consists of four hollow chambers…
two atria (right & left atrium) and two ventricles (right and left ventricles)
the right and left atrium receive blood from the body’s ___, and the ____ eject blood into the body’s ____
veins, ventricles, arteries
Interatrial septum
a thin wall that lies in between the atria (right and left atrium)
Interventricular septum
a thick wall that separates the two ventricles
Right atrium
the superior right chamber of the heart
where does the right atrium recieve blood from?
It receives deoxygenated blood from the body’s main veins- the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
the body’s main veins
the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
the body’s main veins + where they drain blood from
-the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
-drain blood from a series of blood vessels called the systemic circuit, in which gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells.
systemic circuit
series of blood vessels that take oxygenated blood from the heart, distribute throughout the body in which gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells, brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart
the body’s main veins draw from these vessels
Right ventricle + where it ejects blood into
a large chamber inferior to the right atrium, from where it receives deoxygenated blood. It ejects blood into a vessel called the pulmonary trunk, then to the pulmonary arteries.
The pulmonary trunk branches into ______________, which deliver ______ blood to the lungs through a series of vessels called the _________.
-right and left pulmonary arteries
-deoxygenated
-pulmonary circuit
Left atrium + where it recieves blood from
-the superior left chamber of the heart.
-It receives oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary circuit via four pulmonary veins.
Left ventricle (where does it recieve blood from?)
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the largest artery in the systemic circuit, the aorta
the aorta is divided into….
-ascending aorta
-aortic arch
-descending aorta
then the…
-thoracic aorta
-abdominal aorta
Once the aorta passes through the ____ ______ in the diaphragm, its name changes to the ______ ________.
aortic hiatus
abdominal aorta
The left ventricle is much thicker than the right ventricle because…?
the pressure is much higher in the systemic circuit than in the pulmonary circuit. The higher pressure = pump harder, which is why it is thicker
which ventricle is thicker, the right or the left?
left
Valves (function + location)
flaps that prevent the blood from flowing backward in the heart. They are located in between the chambers of the heart, ventricles, and vessels.
what are the Atrioventricular valves?
valves between the chambers
name the atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve & Bicuspid valve (mitral valve):
what’s another name for the bicuspid valve?
mitral valve
what is the Tricuspid valve?
a three-cusped valve in between the right atrium and the right ventricle
what is the Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)?
a two-cusped valve in between the left atrium and left ventricle
Each cusp of the atrioventricular valves are attached to collagenous “strings” called _____ ______, which are attached to the muscles within the ventricle wall called ______ ______
chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
When the ventricles contract, the papillary muscles pull the chordae tendinae taut, which…
puts tension on the cusps and prevents them from everting (turning inside) into the atria.
Prolapse
a condition in which the cusps in the valves evert into the atria.
what are the Semilunar valves?
valves in between the ventricles and their arteries
what are the two semilunar valves?
Pulmonary semilunar valves & Aortic semilunar valves:
Pulmonary semilunar valves
lie between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valves
lie between the left ventricle and the aorta
no cordae tendinae or papillary muscles attached to the ____ ______
semilunar valves
coronary arteries
The coronary arteries branch off the base of the aorta and bring oxygenated blood to the cells of the myocardium, and they are drained by a set of cardiac veins
Name the coronary arteries and what they serve
Right coronary artery: the first coronary artery, which travels in the right coronary sulcus. It branches into the right marginal artery.
Left coronary artery: branches shortly after it forms into the anterior interventricular artery (aka left anterior descending artery), which travels along the interventricular septum to supply the anterior heart
Right marginal artery: serves the lateral part of the right atrium and right ventricle
Posterior interventricular artery: serves the posterior heart
Circumflex artery: travels in the left coronary sulcus to supply the left atrium and posterior left ventricle
Reece Caught London Crying, Rightfully Mad, Post Intense Confrontation
Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a ?
heart attack
Myocardial infarction
a condition in which a coronary artery is blocked, and the reduced blood flow to the myocardium can result in hypoxic injury and death to the tissue.
Cardiac veins and what they drain from
Small cardiac vein: drains the inferolateral heart
Middle cardiac vein: drains the posterior heart
Great cardiac vein: drains most of the left side of the heart
All three veins drain into the____ _____ _____ located on the posterior right atrium.
large coronary sinus
The coronary sinus (along with the superior and inferior vena cava) drains into the ___ ____.
right atrium
Arteries vs. Veins (systemic vs pulmonary)
-Systemic arteries: carry oxygen to the body’s cells
-Systemic veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium
-Systemic arteries are red and systemic veins are blue
The pulmonary circuit is the OPPOSITE
-Pulmonary arteries: carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
-Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood to the heart
-Pulmonary arteries are blue and pulmonary veins are red
systemic vs pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
