A&P Term 3 Lab #6: Respiratory System Flashcards
the respiratory system is responsible for breathing and the exchange of gases that allows…
cellular respiration
breathing is also known as ______
ventilation
breathing (ventilation)
the mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
_____ and ______ are exchanged between the lungs and the blood, and the blood transports the _____ to the tissues where it is used for ______
oxygen and carbon dioxide
oxygen
respiration
respiration
the chemical process of using this oxygen to produce energy
organs of the respiratory system
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs
anatomical divisions of the respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract:
- organs in head & neck
- nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory tract:
- organs of thorax
- trachea through lungs
functional divisions of the respiratory system
Conducting division
-passages for airflow
-all cavities and structures (nostrils to bronchioles) that allow for air into and from the alveoli
Respiratory division
-gas exchange surfaces at the level of the alveoli
functions of the nose
- to warm, cleanse, and humidify inhaled air
- to detect odors (through olfactory receptors located on cribriform plate)
- as a resonated chamber that amplifies the voice
structures of the nose
- superior half: nasal bones
- inferior half: lateral and alar cartilages
- ala nasi: flared portion shaped by dense connective tissue that forms the lateral wall of each nostril
inferior vs superior half of the nose
the superior part is made of nasal bones, and the inferior part is lateral/alar cartilages
what is the flared cartilage portion of the nose called?
ala nasi
the conducting zone begins in the ______
nasal cavity
what does the conducting zone consist of?
nasal conchae and nasal meatuses
what are the nasal conchae? what is their function?
3 folds of tissue on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa (superior, middle, inferior)
they help increase surface area for the incoming air
the nasal conchae are lined with mucous membranes to…
help sense odors and trap air particles/pathogens
what are the types of mucous membranes that line the nasal conchae? what do they do?
-olfactory mucosa: lines the roof of the nasal fossa, helps dissolve gaseous odors for binding onto the chemosensory olfactory neurons
-respiratory mucosa: lines the rest of the nasal cavity with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
what are the nasal meatuses? what are their function?
they are narrow air passages beneath each concha which help ensure that air comes into contact with mucous membranes
pharynx (_____)
throat
as the air moves from the nasal cavity into the pharynx, it passes through 3 general areas as it moves toward the lungs:
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
-area between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
-contains uvula
where is the uvula found? what is its function?
it is found in the nasopharynx, and it helps prevent food from entering the nasopharynx when swallowing
oropharynx
-area between the oral cavity and the pharynx that comes into contact with air and food
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium
-contains palatine and lingual tonsils
-extends to hyoid bone
where are the palatine & lingual tonsils located?
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
-the area between the pharynx and the bifurcation (division) between the larynx and esophagus
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage
Larynx is outlined by…
hyoid bone and 9 cartilages
epiglottis
a flat tissue that guards the glottis and directs food and drink to the esophagus and away from the trachea
glottis
opening between the vocal cords, inferior to the epiglottis
the larynx of an infant lies ____ in the throat, why?
higher, bc it forms a continuous airway from the nasal cavity, allowing breathing while swallowing
what happens to the larynx @ 2 years old?
tongue becomes more muscular, forces larynx into proper position
9 cartilages of the larynx
Epilgottic cartilage: most superior, makes up the epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage: largest, more prominent in men (results in a deeper voice), the laryngeal prominence forms here
Cricoid cartilage: connects larynx to trachea
Arytenoid cartilages (2): lie posterior to thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilages (2): attach to arytenoid cartilage (like a little pair of horns)
Cuneiform cartilages (2): supports soft tissue between the arytenoids and epiglottis
E T C A C C
Edward Tells Charlie And Charlie Cries
Which cartilages of the larynx are paired?
Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform
which cartilages of the larynx are not paired?
Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid
The walls of the larynx has __ folds on each side, called the…
2
vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and vocal cords (true vocal cords)
Which cartilages are the vestibular and vocal folds between?
thyroid and arytenoid
vestibular folds, second name and function
aka false vocal cords, lie as a superior pair that functions to close the glottis during swallowing
vocal cords, second name and function
aka true vocal cords, produce sound
Upper Respiratory tract infection (URTI or TRI)
general and acute infection (often viral) of one or a number of parts of the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx
what does a URTI cause?
inflammation of respiratory tract regions and overproduction of mucous, and often a sore throat
the common cold is classified as a…
URTI
air passes from the ___ into the _____
larynx into the trachea
larynx
a rigid tube extending approx. 4.5 in long and 2.5 in. in diameter
the trachea is supported by….
16-20 C shaped cartilaginous rings
the openings of the cartilaginous rings face…
posterior, towards the esophagus
the final ring of the trachea is called the _____. It is positioned where the….
carina, positioned where the primary/main bronchi form
where is the tracheal muscle located? what is its function?
where the openings occur in the cartilaginous rings
allows for adjustments in airflow by expanding or contracting
what is the trachea lined with? what is its function?
the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
functions as a mucociliary escalator to bring the mucous and the particles it traps to the oropharynx, where it can be expelled or swallowed
main (primary) bronchi
begin the branching of the bronchial tree, 1 on each side
secondary bronchi
branch off the main bronchi
2 secondary bronchi on the left lung and 3 secondary bronchi on the right lung
secondary bronchi branch into…
tertiary, quaternary, etc. until they are 1mm in diameter
when are the bronchi classified as bronchioles?
when they become smaller than 1mm in diameter
bronchioles lack ___
cartilage
bronchioles become terminal bronchioles when they….
reach 0.5 mm in diameter
terminal bronchioles represent…
the end of the conducting division of the respiratory system
what structure represents the end of the conducting division of the respiratory system
the terminal bronchioles
what begins the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
respiratory bronchioles
what ends the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
the alveolar sacs
alveolar sacs
grape-like clusters of alveoli
alveoli are surrounded by _____ because…
capillary networks so that the red blood cells are in close proximity to the air within the alveoli
The lungs have __ lobes. How many on each side?
5 lobes
3 on right, 2 on left
the lungs are surrounded by 2 layers of serous membranes, the ___
pleural membranes
pleural membranes
2 layers of serous membranes that surround the lungs
parietal pleura
the outer layer that lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and the superior surface of the diaphragm
visceral pleura
inner layer that comes into direct contact with the lungs
the space between the parietal and visceral layers is filled with ___ which…
fluid
- reduces friction
- creates pressure gradient (lower pressure to assist in lung inflation)
- compartmentalization (prevent spread of infection)
helium
on medial side of lungs, where the
-primary bronchi
-pulmonary artery and vein
-afferent and efferent nerves
-hilar lymph nodes
-lymphatic vessels
enter and exit the lungs
goal of breathing
bring air into lungs and push air out of lungs
inhalation means to
bring air into lungs
exhalation means to
push air out of lungs
breathing requires a..
change of pressure within the thoracic cavity
inhalation
contracting the diaphragm (flattening) and external intercostal muscles, increases area of thoracic cavity around lungs
what happens to the alveolar pressure during inhalation?
the alveolar pressure drops from 760 mmHg to 758 mmHg
air flows into lungs from high to low pressure
air continues to flow into the lungs until the alveolar pressure is…
restored back to 760 mmHg
exhalation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, decreases area of thoracic cavity
internal intercostal muscles contract during FORCED exhalation
what helps the recoiling effect needed for exhalation?
the elastic nature of the lungs
what happens to alveolar pressure during exhalation?
pressure increases to 762 mmHg within thoracic cavity and air flows out of lungs with pressure gradient until it is back to 760 mmHg
interpleural pressure
pressure inside inter pleural cavity
alveolar pressure
pressure inside lungs
Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
represents the percent of total blood hemoglobin that is saturated with O2 at a given partial pressure of oxygen (Po2)
the partial pressure of oxygen _____ throughout the body
changes
the higher the Po2, the more _____
oxygen combines w hemoglobin
where is the highest percent saturation of hemoglobin found?
within blood of lungs, Po2 is approx. 100mmHG
what effects the position of the line making up the Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
blood biochemistry (ex. heavy Co2, body temp, respiration rate, high alt.)
