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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #6: Respiratory System > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #6: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory system is responsible for breathing and the exchange of gases that allows…

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

breathing is also known as ______

A

ventilation

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3
Q

breathing (ventilation)

A

the mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

_____ and ______ are exchanged between the lungs and the blood, and the blood transports the _____ to the tissues where it is used for ______

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide
oxygen
respiration

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5
Q

respiration

A

the chemical process of using this oxygen to produce energy

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6
Q

organs of the respiratory system

A

-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs

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7
Q

anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory tract:
- organs in head & neck
- nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Lower respiratory tract:
- organs of thorax
- trachea through lungs

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8
Q

functional divisions of the respiratory system

A

Conducting division
-passages for airflow
-all cavities and structures (nostrils to bronchioles) that allow for air into and from the alveoli

Respiratory division
-gas exchange surfaces at the level of the alveoli

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9
Q

functions of the nose

A
  1. to warm, cleanse, and humidify inhaled air
  2. to detect odors (through olfactory receptors located on cribriform plate)
  3. as a resonated chamber that amplifies the voice
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10
Q

structures of the nose

A
  1. superior half: nasal bones
  2. inferior half: lateral and alar cartilages
  3. ala nasi: flared portion shaped by dense connective tissue that forms the lateral wall of each nostril
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11
Q

inferior vs superior half of the nose

A

the superior part is made of nasal bones, and the inferior part is lateral/alar cartilages

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12
Q

what is the flared cartilage portion of the nose called?

A

ala nasi

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13
Q

the conducting zone begins in the ______

A

nasal cavity

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14
Q

what does the conducting zone consist of?

A

nasal conchae and nasal meatuses

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15
Q

what are the nasal conchae? what is their function?

A

3 folds of tissue on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa (superior, middle, inferior)

they help increase surface area for the incoming air

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16
Q

the nasal conchae are lined with mucous membranes to…

A

help sense odors and trap air particles/pathogens

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17
Q

what are the types of mucous membranes that line the nasal conchae? what do they do?

A

-olfactory mucosa: lines the roof of the nasal fossa, helps dissolve gaseous odors for binding onto the chemosensory olfactory neurons

-respiratory mucosa: lines the rest of the nasal cavity with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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18
Q

what are the nasal meatuses? what are their function?

A

they are narrow air passages beneath each concha which help ensure that air comes into contact with mucous membranes

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19
Q

pharynx (_____)

A

throat

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20
Q

as the air moves from the nasal cavity into the pharynx, it passes through 3 general areas as it moves toward the lungs:

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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21
Q

nasopharynx

A

-area between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
-contains uvula

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22
Q

where is the uvula found? what is its function?

A

it is found in the nasopharynx, and it helps prevent food from entering the nasopharynx when swallowing

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23
Q

oropharynx

A

-area between the oral cavity and the pharynx that comes into contact with air and food
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium
-contains palatine and lingual tonsils
-extends to hyoid bone

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24
Q

where are the palatine & lingual tonsils located?

A

oropharynx

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25
Q

laryngopharynx

A

-the area between the pharynx and the bifurcation (division) between the larynx and esophagus
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage

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26
Q

Larynx is outlined by…

A

hyoid bone and 9 cartilages

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27
Q

epiglottis

A

a flat tissue that guards the glottis and directs food and drink to the esophagus and away from the trachea

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28
Q

glottis

A

opening between the vocal cords, inferior to the epiglottis

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29
Q

the larynx of an infant lies ____ in the throat, why?

A

higher, bc it forms a continuous airway from the nasal cavity, allowing breathing while swallowing

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30
Q

what happens to the larynx @ 2 years old?

A

tongue becomes more muscular, forces larynx into proper position

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31
Q

9 cartilages of the larynx

A

Epilgottic cartilage: most superior, makes up the epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage: largest, more prominent in men (results in a deeper voice), the laryngeal prominence forms here

Cricoid cartilage: connects larynx to trachea

Arytenoid cartilages (2): lie posterior to thyroid cartilage

Corniculate cartilages (2): attach to arytenoid cartilage (like a little pair of horns)

Cuneiform cartilages (2): supports soft tissue between the arytenoids and epiglottis

E T C A C C

Edward Tells Charlie And Charlie Cries

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32
Q

Which cartilages of the larynx are paired?

A

Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform

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33
Q

which cartilages of the larynx are not paired?

A

Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid

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34
Q

The walls of the larynx has __ folds on each side, called the…

A

2

vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and vocal cords (true vocal cords)

35
Q

Which cartilages are the vestibular and vocal folds between?

A

thyroid and arytenoid

36
Q

vestibular folds, second name and function

A

aka false vocal cords, lie as a superior pair that functions to close the glottis during swallowing

37
Q

vocal cords, second name and function

A

aka true vocal cords, produce sound

38
Q

Upper Respiratory tract infection (URTI or TRI)

A

general and acute infection (often viral) of one or a number of parts of the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx

39
Q

what does a URTI cause?

A

inflammation of respiratory tract regions and overproduction of mucous, and often a sore throat

40
Q

the common cold is classified as a…

A

URTI

41
Q

air passes from the ___ into the _____

A

larynx into the trachea

42
Q

larynx

A

a rigid tube extending approx. 4.5 in long and 2.5 in. in diameter

43
Q

the trachea is supported by….

A

16-20 C shaped cartilaginous rings

44
Q

the openings of the cartilaginous rings face…

A

posterior, towards the esophagus

45
Q

the final ring of the trachea is called the _____. It is positioned where the….

A

carina, positioned where the primary/main bronchi form

46
Q

where is the tracheal muscle located? what is its function?

A

where the openings occur in the cartilaginous rings

allows for adjustments in airflow by expanding or contracting

47
Q

what is the trachea lined with? what is its function?

A

the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

functions as a mucociliary escalator to bring the mucous and the particles it traps to the oropharynx, where it can be expelled or swallowed

48
Q

main (primary) bronchi

A

begin the branching of the bronchial tree, 1 on each side

49
Q

secondary bronchi

A

branch off the main bronchi

2 secondary bronchi on the left lung and 3 secondary bronchi on the right lung

50
Q

secondary bronchi branch into…

A

tertiary, quaternary, etc. until they are 1mm in diameter

51
Q

when are the bronchi classified as bronchioles?

A

when they become smaller than 1mm in diameter

52
Q

bronchioles lack ___

A

cartilage

53
Q

bronchioles become terminal bronchioles when they….

A

reach 0.5 mm in diameter

54
Q

terminal bronchioles represent…

A

the end of the conducting division of the respiratory system

55
Q

what structure represents the end of the conducting division of the respiratory system

A

the terminal bronchioles

56
Q

what begins the respiratory division of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles

57
Q

what ends the respiratory division of the respiratory system?

A

the alveolar sacs

58
Q

alveolar sacs

A

grape-like clusters of alveoli

59
Q

alveoli are surrounded by _____ because…

A

capillary networks so that the red blood cells are in close proximity to the air within the alveoli

60
Q

The lungs have __ lobes. How many on each side?

A

5 lobes

3 on right, 2 on left

61
Q

the lungs are surrounded by 2 layers of serous membranes, the ___

A

pleural membranes

62
Q

pleural membranes

A

2 layers of serous membranes that surround the lungs

63
Q

parietal pleura

A

the outer layer that lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and the superior surface of the diaphragm

64
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer that comes into direct contact with the lungs

65
Q

the space between the parietal and visceral layers is filled with ___ which…

A

fluid

  1. reduces friction
  2. creates pressure gradient (lower pressure to assist in lung inflation)
  3. compartmentalization (prevent spread of infection)
66
Q

helium

A

on medial side of lungs, where the

-primary bronchi
-pulmonary artery and vein
-afferent and efferent nerves
-hilar lymph nodes
-lymphatic vessels

enter and exit the lungs

67
Q

goal of breathing

A

bring air into lungs and push air out of lungs

68
Q

inhalation means to

A

bring air into lungs

69
Q

exhalation means to

A

push air out of lungs

70
Q

breathing requires a..

A

change of pressure within the thoracic cavity

71
Q

inhalation

A

contracting the diaphragm (flattening) and external intercostal muscles, increases area of thoracic cavity around lungs

72
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure during inhalation?

A

the alveolar pressure drops from 760 mmHg to 758 mmHg

air flows into lungs from high to low pressure

73
Q

air continues to flow into the lungs until the alveolar pressure is…

A

restored back to 760 mmHg

74
Q

exhalation

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, decreases area of thoracic cavity

internal intercostal muscles contract during FORCED exhalation

75
Q

what helps the recoiling effect needed for exhalation?

A

the elastic nature of the lungs

76
Q

what happens to alveolar pressure during exhalation?

A

pressure increases to 762 mmHg within thoracic cavity and air flows out of lungs with pressure gradient until it is back to 760 mmHg

77
Q

interpleural pressure

A

pressure inside inter pleural cavity

78
Q

alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside lungs

79
Q

Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

represents the percent of total blood hemoglobin that is saturated with O2 at a given partial pressure of oxygen (Po2)

80
Q

the partial pressure of oxygen _____ throughout the body

A

changes

81
Q

the higher the Po2, the more _____

A

oxygen combines w hemoglobin

82
Q

where is the highest percent saturation of hemoglobin found?

A

within blood of lungs, Po2 is approx. 100mmHG

83
Q

what effects the position of the line making up the Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?

A

blood biochemistry (ex. heavy Co2, body temp, respiration rate, high alt.)

A&P Term 3 (9 decks)

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