A&P Term 3 Lab #7: Digestive System & Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
The digestive system is one long _____ that begins with the ______ ______ and ends at the _____
A
Tube, begins with the oral cavity and ends at the anus
2
Q
Food is both _____ and _____ broken down
A
mechanically and biochemically
3
Q
What are the 2 alternative names for the digestive tract?
A
Alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
4
Q
Once nutrients are absorbed, they are transported into the _____ and _____ _____ for transport to different locations throughout the body
A
circulatory and lymphatic vessels
5
Q
List the organs of the GI tract
A
- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
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6
Q
List the accessory structures of the GI tract
A
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
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7
Q
Organs and accessory structures located WITHIN the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….
A
intraperitoneal
8
Q
Organs and accessory structures located OUTSIDE the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….
A
retroperitoneal
9
Q
intraperitoneal
A
inside the peritoneal cavity
10
Q
retroperitoneal
A
outside the peritoneal cavity
11
Q
List the intraperitoneal structures of the GI tract
A
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Liver
- Part of the duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Transverse colon of the large intestine
- Sigmoid colon
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12
Q
List the retroperitoneal structures of the GI tract
A
- Remaining duodenum
- Cecum
- Ascending and Descending colon of large intestine
- Pancreas
- Kidneys
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13
Q
the peritoneal cavity is encapsulated by __ layers. Name them.
A
2 layers
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
14
Q
Which of the layers of the peritoneal cavity are inner and outer?
A
The inner layer is the visceral peritoneum and the outer layer is the parietal peritoneum
15
Q
the visceral peritoneum folds over itself to form a thick structure called the _____
A
Mesentery
16
Q
Which peritoneal layer forms the mesentery?
A
the visceral peritoneum
17
Q
What are the two parts of the mesentery?
A
the lesser omentum & the greater omentum
18
Q
what is the lesser omentum? what is its function?
A
it is the superior part of the mesentery that covers the liver
19
Q
what is the greater omentum? what is its function?
A
it is the inferior part of the mesentery that covers the abdominal organs
20
Q
the large intestine is attached to a mesenteric structure called the ____
A
mesocolon
21
Q
The alimentary canal has ___ layers. Name them
A
4 layers
(inner to outer)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa
22
Q
Mucosa (location, tissue)
A
innermost layer of the alimentary canal
epithelial tissue, comes into direct contact with food that enters the tract
23
Q
mucous is produced and secreted by…
A
goblet cells
24
Q
MALT that assists with bodily defenses is close to which layer of the alimentary canal?
A
mucosa
25
submucosa (location and tissue)
2nd innermost layer of the alimentary canal
contains supportive connective tissues, lymph vessels, nerves, blood vessels, and elastic fibers
26
muscularis externa (layers + function)
consists of 3 layers to assist in moving materials down the tract by rhythmic contractions, aka peristalsis
1. longitudinal layer (superfical)
2. circular layer (middle)
3. oblique layer (deep)
27
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions in the muscularis externa that moves materials down the tract
28
serosa
outermost layer of the alimentary canal, the visceral peritoneum/membrane that encapsulates the organs
29
Oral cavity
the region around the mouth, including inside the mouth- the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
30
mouth
includes the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
31
cheeks and lips function
keep food in between the teeth for chewing, essential for speech and suckling in infants
32
vestibule
the space between the teeth and cheeks, where the gums (gingivae) are located
33
another word for gums
gingivae
34
frenulum (location, function, structures)
runs along the midline of the oral cavity, includes structures that anchor our lips to the oral cavity
35
superior labial frenulum
upper lip
36
anatomical term for upper lip
superior labial frenulum
37
inferior labial frenulum
lower lip
38
anatomical term for lower lip
inferior labial frenulum
39
lingual frenulum
tongue
40
anatomical term for tongue
lingual frenulum
41
hard and soft palate function
allow breathing and chewing at the same time
42
hard palate
roof of oral cavity
43
uvula
extends inferiorly from soft palate and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
44
what is considered the "muscular manipulator of food"?
tongue
45
tongue body
the anterior 2/3, located in the oral cavity
46
tongue root
posterior 1/3, located in the oropharynx
47
filiform papillae
do not sense taste
make up the tongue's rough surface which aids in food breakdown
48
which papillae do not sense taste?
filiform papillae
49
which papillae are taste buds? where are they located?
circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae
they are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue
50
salivary glands
exocrine glands that produce saliva, mucous, and enzymes (salivary amylase) that start the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
51
what enzyme do the salivary glands produce?
salivary amylase
52
what are the 2 types of salivary glands?
intrinsic glands and extrinsic glands
53
intrinsic glands (location & function)
salivary glands found under mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, cheeks, and tongue
secrete at a constant rate to prevent drying of mucosa
54
extrinsic glands (location & pairs)
more discreet salivary glands located out of the oral mucosa
3 pairs connected to oral cavity by ducts:
1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. sublingual glands
55
parotid glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via parotid ducts
56
submandibular glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via the submandibular ducts
57
sublingual glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via sublingual ducts
58
another name for food
bolus
59
food passes from the oral cavity into the ____
pharynx
60
What are the 2 regions of the pharynx?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
61
epiglottis
closes upon swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx/trachea through the glottis
62
esophagus passes through the diaphragm through an opening called the...
esophageal hiatus
63
stomach
j-shaped organ where the bolus enters from the esophagus
functions to mechanically and enzymatically break up food
64
the stomach contains _____ and _____ that chemically break up proteins and fats
proteases and lipases
65
what does the stomach absorb?
absorbs asprin and lipid-soluble drugs, but not much nutrients
66
The digestive process in the stomach liquifies food, which results in a soupy mixture called ____
chyme
67
rugae
internal fold allowing the stomach to shrink and expand with incoming contents
68
cardiac region of the stomach
near the lower esophageal sphincter
69
fundus of the stomach
domed region that lies superior to the esophageal sphincter
70
body of the stomach
main portion
71
pyloric region of the stomach (3 parts)
bottom part of the stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-pylorus
-pyloric antrum
72
what is the lumen of the stomach lined with? why?
epithelial mucosa
protects the organ from the low pH environment
73
gastric pits
indented regions, lead to gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that assist in food breakdown
74
muscularis externa is what kind of muscle?
smooth
75
what is the advantage of the smooth muscle fiber arrangement in the stomach?
it maximizes the contractile efficiency for mechanical breakdown
76
3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
77
duodenum (size, location, function)
-approx. 10 inches
-curves around head of pancreas, receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile
-helps neutralize stomach acids, emulsify fats, and inactivates pepsin/pancreatic enzymes (from increase in pH)
78
jejunum (size, description, function)
-approx. 8 ft long
-has large, tall, circular folds, walls are thick and muscular
-most absorption occurs here
79
ileum (size, features, function)
-approx. 12 ft long
-finishes absorption from jejunum
-contains peyer patches (lymphatic clusters, immunity)
-ends at ileocecal junction w large intestine
80
lumen
the opening/middle of the alimentary canal
81
the lumen has circular folds called _____ ______, which are comprised of fingerlike projections called ______ (___ in height)
plicae circulares, villi (1 mm in height)
82
each villus is lined with _____, which are...
enterocytes, simple columnar epithelial cells
83
within the core of the villus, a capillary network surrounds a ______, which is....
lacteal, lymphatic capillary
84
how is the surface area of the small intestine enhanced?
extensions off the surface of the enterocytes & microvilli
85
microvilli assist in ______
absorption and chemical digestion
86
intestinal brush border
the enterocytes and microvilli in the small intestine
87
enterocytes and microvilli together are known as the _____ _____ ____
intestinal brush border
88
large intestine size
5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter
89
main function of the large intestine
absorb fat and concentrate the feces
90
the chyme enters the cecum by passing the ______ _____
ileocecal valve
91
the appendix projects off of the ____
cecum
92
the ascending, transverse, and descending colon frame the _____ _____
small intestine
93
which part of the colon translates into the sigmoid colon?
descending colon
94
which colon translates into the rectum?
sigmoid colon
95
the rectum ultimately terminates at the...
anal canal
96
taeniae coli
longitudinal smooth muscle band that acts as a drawstring along the length of the large intestine
97
haustra
large intestinal pouches formed by the tension created by the taeniae coli
98
the taeniae coli is located in the...
large intestine
99
epiploic appendages
suspended fatty sacs on the large intestine with unknown function
100
epiploic appendages are absent on the _____
rectum
101
the liver and gallbladder are located in the...
upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
102
liver weighs approx. ...
3 lbs
103
4 lobes of the liver
1. right
2. left
3. quadrate (square, next to gallbladder)
4. caudate (tail-like, next to inferior vena cava)
104
what separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
falciform ligament
105
functions of the liver
1. nutrient storage
2. bile production
3. detoxification
106
how much bile is produced by the liver daily?
500-1000 ml
107
where is the gallbladder located
posterior side of the liver, between the right and quadrate lobes
108
gallbladder is approx. _____ long
10cm
109
function of bile
emulsifies fats for breakdown and absorption
110
the gallbladder ejects bile into the....
cystic duct --> common bile duct --> pancreatic duct --> emptied into duodenum
111
pancreas is both a ____ and _____ gland
endocrine and exocrine
112
pancreas secretions and functions
-insulin and glucagon (blood sugar regulation)
-pancreatic juice (neutralize high pH from stomach)
113
pancreatic juice (contents and function)
-water and bicarbonates
-neutralizes the high acidic contents of the stomach
114
pancreatic juice is transported via the _____ duct to the ____
pancreatic duct, duodenum
115
how much pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum daily?
1-1.5 L
116
secretions that empty into the duodenum from the liver and pancreas are regulated by the....
hepatopancreatic sphincter
117
what is the goal of digestion?
mechanically and chemically break down food to allow the small intestines to absorb the principal nutrients
118
principal nutrients
carbohydrates, lipis, proteins
119
breakdown of nutrient polymers
catabolism, generates ATP
120
macromolecules are broken down by ____ ______ into their fundamental building blocks
chemical digestion
121
fundamental building blocks of principal nutrients
-carbohydrates: monosaccharides
-proteins: amino acids
-lipids: monoglycerides and fatty acids
