A&P Term 3 Lab #7: Digestive System & Metabolism Flashcards
The digestive system is one long _____ that begins with the ______ ______ and ends at the _____
Tube, begins with the oral cavity and ends at the anus
Food is both _____ and _____ broken down
mechanically and biochemically
What are the 2 alternative names for the digestive tract?
Alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Once nutrients are absorbed, they are transported into the _____ and _____ _____ for transport to different locations throughout the body
circulatory and lymphatic vessels
List the organs of the GI tract
- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
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List the accessory structures of the GI tract
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
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Organs and accessory structures located WITHIN the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….
intraperitoneal
Organs and accessory structures located OUTSIDE the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….
retroperitoneal
intraperitoneal
inside the peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal
outside the peritoneal cavity
List the intraperitoneal structures of the GI tract
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Liver
- Part of the duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Transverse colon of the large intestine
- Sigmoid colon
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List the retroperitoneal structures of the GI tract
- Remaining duodenum
- Cecum
- Ascending and Descending colon of large intestine
- Pancreas
- Kidneys
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the peritoneal cavity is encapsulated by __ layers. Name them.
2 layers
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
Which of the layers of the peritoneal cavity are inner and outer?
The inner layer is the visceral peritoneum and the outer layer is the parietal peritoneum
the visceral peritoneum folds over itself to form a thick structure called the _____
Mesentery
Which peritoneal layer forms the mesentery?
the visceral peritoneum
What are the two parts of the mesentery?
the lesser omentum & the greater omentum
what is the lesser omentum? what is its function?
it is the superior part of the mesentery that covers the liver
what is the greater omentum? what is its function?
it is the inferior part of the mesentery that covers the abdominal organs
the large intestine is attached to a mesenteric structure called the ____
mesocolon
The alimentary canal has ___ layers. Name them
4 layers
(inner to outer)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa
Mucosa (location, tissue)
innermost layer of the alimentary canal
epithelial tissue, comes into direct contact with food that enters the tract
mucous is produced and secreted by…
goblet cells
MALT that assists with bodily defenses is close to which layer of the alimentary canal?
mucosa
submucosa (location and tissue)
2nd innermost layer of the alimentary canal
contains supportive connective tissues, lymph vessels, nerves, blood vessels, and elastic fibers
muscularis externa (layers + function)
consists of 3 layers to assist in moving materials down the tract by rhythmic contractions, aka peristalsis
- longitudinal layer (superfical)
- circular layer (middle)
- oblique layer (deep)
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions in the muscularis externa that moves materials down the tract
serosa
outermost layer of the alimentary canal, the visceral peritoneum/membrane that encapsulates the organs
Oral cavity
the region around the mouth, including inside the mouth- the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
mouth
includes the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
cheeks and lips function
keep food in between the teeth for chewing, essential for speech and suckling in infants
vestibule
the space between the teeth and cheeks, where the gums (gingivae) are located
another word for gums
gingivae
frenulum (location, function, structures)
runs along the midline of the oral cavity, includes structures that anchor our lips to the oral cavity
superior labial frenulum
upper lip
anatomical term for upper lip
superior labial frenulum
inferior labial frenulum
lower lip
anatomical term for lower lip
inferior labial frenulum
lingual frenulum
tongue
anatomical term for tongue
lingual frenulum
hard and soft palate function
allow breathing and chewing at the same time
hard palate
roof of oral cavity
uvula
extends inferiorly from soft palate and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
what is considered the “muscular manipulator of food”?
tongue
tongue body
the anterior 2/3, located in the oral cavity
tongue root
posterior 1/3, located in the oropharynx
filiform papillae
do not sense taste
make up the tongue’s rough surface which aids in food breakdown
which papillae do not sense taste?
filiform papillae
which papillae are taste buds? where are they located?
circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae
they are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue
salivary glands
exocrine glands that produce saliva, mucous, and enzymes (salivary amylase) that start the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
what enzyme do the salivary glands produce?
salivary amylase
what are the 2 types of salivary glands?
intrinsic glands and extrinsic glands
intrinsic glands (location & function)
salivary glands found under mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, cheeks, and tongue
secrete at a constant rate to prevent drying of mucosa
extrinsic glands (location & pairs)
more discreet salivary glands located out of the oral mucosa
3 pairs connected to oral cavity by ducts:
1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. sublingual glands
parotid glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via parotid ducts
submandibular glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via the submandibular ducts
sublingual glands
1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via sublingual ducts
another name for food
bolus
food passes from the oral cavity into the ____
pharynx
What are the 2 regions of the pharynx?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
epiglottis
closes upon swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx/trachea through the glottis
esophagus passes through the diaphragm through an opening called the…
esophageal hiatus
stomach
j-shaped organ where the bolus enters from the esophagus
functions to mechanically and enzymatically break up food
the stomach contains _____ and _____ that chemically break up proteins and fats
proteases and lipases
what does the stomach absorb?
absorbs asprin and lipid-soluble drugs, but not much nutrients
The digestive process in the stomach liquifies food, which results in a soupy mixture called ____
chyme
rugae
internal fold allowing the stomach to shrink and expand with incoming contents
cardiac region of the stomach
near the lower esophageal sphincter
fundus of the stomach
domed region that lies superior to the esophageal sphincter
body of the stomach
main portion
pyloric region of the stomach (3 parts)
bottom part of the stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-pylorus
-pyloric antrum
what is the lumen of the stomach lined with? why?
epithelial mucosa
protects the organ from the low pH environment
gastric pits
indented regions, lead to gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that assist in food breakdown
muscularis externa is what kind of muscle?
smooth
what is the advantage of the smooth muscle fiber arrangement in the stomach?
it maximizes the contractile efficiency for mechanical breakdown
3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum (size, location, function)
-approx. 10 inches
-curves around head of pancreas, receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile
-helps neutralize stomach acids, emulsify fats, and inactivates pepsin/pancreatic enzymes (from increase in pH)
jejunum (size, description, function)
-approx. 8 ft long
-has large, tall, circular folds, walls are thick and muscular
-most absorption occurs here
ileum (size, features, function)
-approx. 12 ft long
-finishes absorption from jejunum
-contains peyer patches (lymphatic clusters, immunity)
-ends at ileocecal junction w large intestine
lumen
the opening/middle of the alimentary canal
the lumen has circular folds called _____ ______, which are comprised of fingerlike projections called ______ (___ in height)
plicae circulares, villi (1 mm in height)
each villus is lined with _____, which are…
enterocytes, simple columnar epithelial cells
within the core of the villus, a capillary network surrounds a ______, which is….
lacteal, lymphatic capillary
how is the surface area of the small intestine enhanced?
extensions off the surface of the enterocytes & microvilli
microvilli assist in ______
absorption and chemical digestion
intestinal brush border
the enterocytes and microvilli in the small intestine
enterocytes and microvilli together are known as the _____ _____ ____
intestinal brush border
large intestine size
5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter
main function of the large intestine
absorb fat and concentrate the feces
the chyme enters the cecum by passing the ______ _____
ileocecal valve
the appendix projects off of the ____
cecum
the ascending, transverse, and descending colon frame the _____ _____
small intestine
which part of the colon translates into the sigmoid colon?
descending colon
which colon translates into the rectum?
sigmoid colon
the rectum ultimately terminates at the…
anal canal
taeniae coli
longitudinal smooth muscle band that acts as a drawstring along the length of the large intestine
haustra
large intestinal pouches formed by the tension created by the taeniae coli
the taeniae coli is located in the…
large intestine
epiploic appendages
suspended fatty sacs on the large intestine with unknown function
epiploic appendages are absent on the _____
rectum
the liver and gallbladder are located in the…
upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
liver weighs approx. …
3 lbs
4 lobes of the liver
- right
- left
- quadrate (square, next to gallbladder)
- caudate (tail-like, next to inferior vena cava)
what separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
falciform ligament
functions of the liver
- nutrient storage
- bile production
- detoxification
how much bile is produced by the liver daily?
500-1000 ml
where is the gallbladder located
posterior side of the liver, between the right and quadrate lobes
gallbladder is approx. _____ long
10cm
function of bile
emulsifies fats for breakdown and absorption
the gallbladder ejects bile into the….
cystic duct –> common bile duct –> pancreatic duct –> emptied into duodenum
pancreas is both a ____ and _____ gland
endocrine and exocrine
pancreas secretions and functions
-insulin and glucagon (blood sugar regulation)
-pancreatic juice (neutralize high pH from stomach)
pancreatic juice (contents and function)
-water and bicarbonates
-neutralizes the high acidic contents of the stomach
pancreatic juice is transported via the _____ duct to the ____
pancreatic duct, duodenum
how much pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum daily?
1-1.5 L
secretions that empty into the duodenum from the liver and pancreas are regulated by the….
hepatopancreatic sphincter
what is the goal of digestion?
mechanically and chemically break down food to allow the small intestines to absorb the principal nutrients
principal nutrients
carbohydrates, lipis, proteins
breakdown of nutrient polymers
catabolism, generates ATP
macromolecules are broken down by ____ ______ into their fundamental building blocks
chemical digestion
fundamental building blocks of principal nutrients
-carbohydrates: monosaccharides
-proteins: amino acids
-lipids: monoglycerides and fatty acids
