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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #7: Digestive System & Metabolism > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #7: Digestive System & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is one long _____ that begins with the ______ ______ and ends at the _____

A

Tube, begins with the oral cavity and ends at the anus

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2
Q

Food is both _____ and _____ broken down

A

mechanically and biochemically

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3
Q

What are the 2 alternative names for the digestive tract?

A

Alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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4
Q

Once nutrients are absorbed, they are transported into the _____ and _____ _____ for transport to different locations throughout the body

A

circulatory and lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

List the organs of the GI tract

A
  1. Oral Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine

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6
Q

List the accessory structures of the GI tract

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pancreas

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7
Q

Organs and accessory structures located WITHIN the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….

A

intraperitoneal

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8
Q

Organs and accessory structures located OUTSIDE the peritoneal cavity are referred to as….

A

retroperitoneal

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9
Q

intraperitoneal

A

inside the peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

retroperitoneal

A

outside the peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

List the intraperitoneal structures of the GI tract

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Spleen
  3. Liver
  4. Part of the duodenum
  5. Jejunum
  6. Ileum
  7. Transverse colon of the large intestine
  8. Sigmoid colon

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12
Q

List the retroperitoneal structures of the GI tract

A
  1. Remaining duodenum
  2. Cecum
  3. Ascending and Descending colon of large intestine
  4. Pancreas
  5. Kidneys

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13
Q

the peritoneal cavity is encapsulated by __ layers. Name them.

A

2 layers

  1. parietal peritoneum
  2. visceral peritoneum
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14
Q

Which of the layers of the peritoneal cavity are inner and outer?

A

The inner layer is the visceral peritoneum and the outer layer is the parietal peritoneum

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15
Q

the visceral peritoneum folds over itself to form a thick structure called the _____

A

Mesentery

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16
Q

Which peritoneal layer forms the mesentery?

A

the visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

What are the two parts of the mesentery?

A

the lesser omentum & the greater omentum

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18
Q

what is the lesser omentum? what is its function?

A

it is the superior part of the mesentery that covers the liver

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19
Q

what is the greater omentum? what is its function?

A

it is the inferior part of the mesentery that covers the abdominal organs

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20
Q

the large intestine is attached to a mesenteric structure called the ____

A

mesocolon

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21
Q

The alimentary canal has ___ layers. Name them

A

4 layers

(inner to outer)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa

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22
Q

Mucosa (location, tissue)

A

innermost layer of the alimentary canal

epithelial tissue, comes into direct contact with food that enters the tract

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23
Q

mucous is produced and secreted by…

A

goblet cells

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24
Q

MALT that assists with bodily defenses is close to which layer of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa

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25
Q

submucosa (location and tissue)

A

2nd innermost layer of the alimentary canal

contains supportive connective tissues, lymph vessels, nerves, blood vessels, and elastic fibers

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26
Q

muscularis externa (layers + function)

A

consists of 3 layers to assist in moving materials down the tract by rhythmic contractions, aka peristalsis

  1. longitudinal layer (superfical)
  2. circular layer (middle)
  3. oblique layer (deep)
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27
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions in the muscularis externa that moves materials down the tract

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28
Q

serosa

A

outermost layer of the alimentary canal, the visceral peritoneum/membrane that encapsulates the organs

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29
Q

Oral cavity

A

the region around the mouth, including inside the mouth- the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands

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30
Q

mouth

A

includes the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands

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31
Q

cheeks and lips function

A

keep food in between the teeth for chewing, essential for speech and suckling in infants

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32
Q

vestibule

A

the space between the teeth and cheeks, where the gums (gingivae) are located

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33
Q

another word for gums

A

gingivae

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34
Q

frenulum (location, function, structures)

A

runs along the midline of the oral cavity, includes structures that anchor our lips to the oral cavity

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35
Q

superior labial frenulum

A

upper lip

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36
Q

anatomical term for upper lip

A

superior labial frenulum

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37
Q

inferior labial frenulum

A

lower lip

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38
Q

anatomical term for lower lip

A

inferior labial frenulum

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39
Q

lingual frenulum

A

tongue

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40
Q

anatomical term for tongue

A

lingual frenulum

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41
Q

hard and soft palate function

A

allow breathing and chewing at the same time

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42
Q

hard palate

A

roof of oral cavity

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43
Q

uvula

A

extends inferiorly from soft palate and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

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44
Q

what is considered the “muscular manipulator of food”?

A

tongue

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45
Q

tongue body

A

the anterior 2/3, located in the oral cavity

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46
Q

tongue root

A

posterior 1/3, located in the oropharynx

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47
Q

filiform papillae

A

do not sense taste

make up the tongue’s rough surface which aids in food breakdown

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48
Q

which papillae do not sense taste?

A

filiform papillae

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49
Q

which papillae are taste buds? where are they located?

A

circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae

they are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue

50
Q

salivary glands

A

exocrine glands that produce saliva, mucous, and enzymes (salivary amylase) that start the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

51
Q

what enzyme do the salivary glands produce?

A

salivary amylase

52
Q

what are the 2 types of salivary glands?

A

intrinsic glands and extrinsic glands

53
Q

intrinsic glands (location & function)

A

salivary glands found under mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, cheeks, and tongue

secrete at a constant rate to prevent drying of mucosa

54
Q

extrinsic glands (location & pairs)

A

more discreet salivary glands located out of the oral mucosa

3 pairs connected to oral cavity by ducts:
1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. sublingual glands

55
Q

parotid glands

A

1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via parotid ducts

56
Q

submandibular glands

A

1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via the submandibular ducts

57
Q

sublingual glands

A

1/3 pair of extrinsic glands, connected to the oral cavity via sublingual ducts

58
Q

another name for food

A

bolus

59
Q

food passes from the oral cavity into the ____

A

pharynx

60
Q

What are the 2 regions of the pharynx?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

61
Q

epiglottis

A

closes upon swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx/trachea through the glottis

62
Q

esophagus passes through the diaphragm through an opening called the…

A

esophageal hiatus

63
Q

stomach

A

j-shaped organ where the bolus enters from the esophagus

functions to mechanically and enzymatically break up food

64
Q

the stomach contains _____ and _____ that chemically break up proteins and fats

A

proteases and lipases

65
Q

what does the stomach absorb?

A

absorbs asprin and lipid-soluble drugs, but not much nutrients

66
Q

The digestive process in the stomach liquifies food, which results in a soupy mixture called ____

A

chyme

67
Q

rugae

A

internal fold allowing the stomach to shrink and expand with incoming contents

68
Q

cardiac region of the stomach

A

near the lower esophageal sphincter

69
Q

fundus of the stomach

A

domed region that lies superior to the esophageal sphincter

70
Q

body of the stomach

A

main portion

71
Q

pyloric region of the stomach (3 parts)

A

bottom part of the stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-pylorus
-pyloric antrum

72
Q

what is the lumen of the stomach lined with? why?

A

epithelial mucosa

protects the organ from the low pH environment

73
Q

gastric pits

A

indented regions, lead to gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that assist in food breakdown

74
Q

muscularis externa is what kind of muscle?

A

smooth

75
Q

what is the advantage of the smooth muscle fiber arrangement in the stomach?

A

it maximizes the contractile efficiency for mechanical breakdown

76
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

77
Q

duodenum (size, location, function)

A

-approx. 10 inches
-curves around head of pancreas, receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile
-helps neutralize stomach acids, emulsify fats, and inactivates pepsin/pancreatic enzymes (from increase in pH)

78
Q

jejunum (size, description, function)

A

-approx. 8 ft long
-has large, tall, circular folds, walls are thick and muscular
-most absorption occurs here

79
Q

ileum (size, features, function)

A

-approx. 12 ft long
-finishes absorption from jejunum
-contains peyer patches (lymphatic clusters, immunity)
-ends at ileocecal junction w large intestine

80
Q

lumen

A

the opening/middle of the alimentary canal

81
Q

the lumen has circular folds called _____ ______, which are comprised of fingerlike projections called ______ (___ in height)

A

plicae circulares, villi (1 mm in height)

82
Q

each villus is lined with _____, which are…

A

enterocytes, simple columnar epithelial cells

83
Q

within the core of the villus, a capillary network surrounds a ______, which is….

A

lacteal, lymphatic capillary

84
Q

how is the surface area of the small intestine enhanced?

A

extensions off the surface of the enterocytes & microvilli

85
Q

microvilli assist in ______

A

absorption and chemical digestion

86
Q

intestinal brush border

A

the enterocytes and microvilli in the small intestine

87
Q

enterocytes and microvilli together are known as the _____ _____ ____

A

intestinal brush border

88
Q

large intestine size

A

5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter

89
Q

main function of the large intestine

A

absorb fat and concentrate the feces

90
Q

the chyme enters the cecum by passing the ______ _____

A

ileocecal valve

91
Q

the appendix projects off of the ____

A

cecum

92
Q

the ascending, transverse, and descending colon frame the _____ _____

A

small intestine

93
Q

which part of the colon translates into the sigmoid colon?

A

descending colon

94
Q

which colon translates into the rectum?

A

sigmoid colon

95
Q

the rectum ultimately terminates at the…

A

anal canal

96
Q

taeniae coli

A

longitudinal smooth muscle band that acts as a drawstring along the length of the large intestine

97
Q

haustra

A

large intestinal pouches formed by the tension created by the taeniae coli

98
Q

the taeniae coli is located in the…

A

large intestine

99
Q

epiploic appendages

A

suspended fatty sacs on the large intestine with unknown function

100
Q

epiploic appendages are absent on the _____

A

rectum

101
Q

the liver and gallbladder are located in the…

A

upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity

102
Q

liver weighs approx. …

A

3 lbs

103
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A
  1. right
  2. left
  3. quadrate (square, next to gallbladder)
  4. caudate (tail-like, next to inferior vena cava)
104
Q

what separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

105
Q

functions of the liver

A
  1. nutrient storage
  2. bile production
  3. detoxification
106
Q

how much bile is produced by the liver daily?

A

500-1000 ml

107
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

posterior side of the liver, between the right and quadrate lobes

108
Q

gallbladder is approx. _____ long

A

10cm

109
Q

function of bile

A

emulsifies fats for breakdown and absorption

110
Q

the gallbladder ejects bile into the….

A

cystic duct –> common bile duct –> pancreatic duct –> emptied into duodenum

111
Q

pancreas is both a ____ and _____ gland

A

endocrine and exocrine

112
Q

pancreas secretions and functions

A

-insulin and glucagon (blood sugar regulation)
-pancreatic juice (neutralize high pH from stomach)

113
Q

pancreatic juice (contents and function)

A

-water and bicarbonates
-neutralizes the high acidic contents of the stomach

114
Q

pancreatic juice is transported via the _____ duct to the ____

A

pancreatic duct, duodenum

115
Q

how much pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum daily?

A

1-1.5 L

116
Q

secretions that empty into the duodenum from the liver and pancreas are regulated by the….

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

117
Q

what is the goal of digestion?

A

mechanically and chemically break down food to allow the small intestines to absorb the principal nutrients

118
Q

principal nutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipis, proteins

119
Q

breakdown of nutrient polymers

A

catabolism, generates ATP

120
Q

macromolecules are broken down by ____ ______ into their fundamental building blocks

A

chemical digestion

121
Q

fundamental building blocks of principal nutrients

A

-carbohydrates: monosaccharides
-proteins: amino acids
-lipids: monoglycerides and fatty acids

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