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A&P Term 3 > A&P Term 3 Lab #8: Urinary System > Flashcards

A&P Term 3 Lab #8: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

a group of organs that consist of the kidneys and the urinary tract, performs many functions critical to maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

the urinary tract consists of…

A

the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

functions of the kidney

A
  1. filter the blood to remove metabolic waste
  2. regulate the body’s fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
  3. help the liver detoxify compounds, make glucose during starvation, and produce erythropoietin
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4
Q

metabolic wastes

A

chemicals produced by the body that cannot be used for any purpose

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5
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone that regulates blood cell formation

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6
Q

hormone that regulates blood cell formation

A

erythropoietin

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7
Q

the kidneys are _____ peritoneal

A

retroperitoneal

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8
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

against the posterior body wall, posterior to the peritoneal membranes

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9
Q

the kidneys are encased with ___ layers of connective tissue. Name them.

A

3 layers

  1. Renal fascia (superficial)
  2. Adipose capsule (middle)
  3. Renal capsule (deep)
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10
Q

Renal fascia (material and function)

A

-most superficial layer of the kidney
-dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
-anchors the kidneys to the posterior abdominal walls and peritoneum

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11
Q

Adipose capsule (material and function)

A

-middle layer of the kidney
-thick adipose tissue
-wedges the kidneys in place

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12
Q

renal capsule (material and function)

A

-deep layer of the kidney
-thin dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
-encases the kidneys

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13
Q

the kidneys are shaped like a…

A

bean

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14
Q

renal hilum

A

medial indentation in kidneys where blood vessels/ureter enter and exit

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15
Q

3 regions of the kidney

A
  1. renal cortex (superficial)
  2. renal medulla (middle)
  3. renal pelvis (deep)
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16
Q

what color is the renal cortex? why?

A

dark brown bc of blood vessels that serve the nephrons

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17
Q

nephrons (function + location)

A

tiny blood-filtering structures of the kidney, located in the renal cortex

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18
Q

the renal medulla consists of triangular ___ ___

A

renal pyramids

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19
Q

renal pyramids are separated by ___, which are…

A

renal columns, inward extensions of the renal cortex

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20
Q

renal papilla

A

end/tip of a renal pyramid

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21
Q

what is the tip of a renal pyramid called?

A

renal papilla

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22
Q

what gives the renal pyramids a striated appearance?

A

the looping tubules of nephrons and structures that drain them

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23
Q

fluid from the renal papilla drain into ___ ____, which are … that eventually drain into ___ ___

A

minor calyces (tubes) that eventually drain into the major calyces

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24
Q

the major calyces drain into the _____ _____, which serves as a …

A

renal pelvis, basin for collecting urine

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25
Q

large renal arteries deliver approx. ______ ml blood/min to the kidney to be filtered

A

1,200ml

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26
Q

renal arteries branch into smaller arteries as they pass from ____ to _____ kidney structures

A

deep to superficial

(meaning they are larger within and become smaller as they move out of the kidney)

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27
Q

Renal artery flow

A
  1. segmental arteries (in renal pelvis, large)
    –>
  2. interlobular arteries (between renal/medullary pyramids in renal medulla)
    –>
  3. arcuate arteries (curve around top of pyramids)
    –>
  4. more interlobular arteries (aka cortical radiate arteries) in renal cortex
    –>
  5. tiny afferent arterioles
    –>
  6. supply the glomerulus (capillaries)

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28
Q

capillaries of the glomerulus drain into a second arteriole called the _____ ____, which branches into a second capillary bed called the ____ ______

A

efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

peritubular capillaries (function and location)

A

surround tubules of nephron, provide them with O2 and nutrients and return substances absorbed by the tubules back into the blood

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30
Q

Renal vein flow

A
  1. peritubular capillaries
    –>
  2. small interlobular vein aka cortical radiate vein
    –>
  3. arcuate vein
    –>
  4. interlobular vein
    –>
  5. large renal vein
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31
Q

each kidney is composed of more than a million tiny units called ____

A

nephrons

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32
Q

2 parts of a nephron

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
33
Q

2 parts of a renal corpuscle

A
  1. glomerulus (ball of looping capillaries)
  2. glomerular capsule
34
Q

glomerulus

A

ball of looping capillaries, fenestrated (have large pores) so that large amounts of fluid can enter and exit

35
Q

fenestrated

A

meaning the structure has large slits/pores

36
Q

glomerular capsule layers (+ what they’re made of)

A
  1. outer parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium)
  2. inner visceral layer (consists of podocyte cells that surround the capillaries of the glomerulus)
37
Q

podocytes of visceral layer of the glomerular capsule has extensions called ____, which…

A

foot processes, interlock to form narrow filtration slits

38
Q

function of the filtration membrane of nephron

A

prevents large substances in the blood (aka blood cells and proteins) from exiting the glomerular capillaries

39
Q

what does the nephron filtration membrane consist of?

A

-fenestrated glomerular endothelial cells
-podocytes
-shared basal lamina

40
Q

what easily crosses the filtration membrane? where does it go?

A

water and small solutes (electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, urea), cross to enter the filtrate in the capsular space

41
Q

capsular space

A

the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule

42
Q

the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule is called the…

A

capsular space

43
Q

fluid forced out of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space is called _____

A

filtrate

44
Q

filtrate

A

fluid forced out of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space

45
Q

The renal tubule is described as the ____ of the kidneys, and has ___ parts

A

“plumbing” of the kidneys, 3 parts

46
Q

The renal tubule has ___ parts, name them.

A

3 parts

  1. Proximal tubule (aka proximal convoluted tubule)
  2. Descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop
  3. Distal tubule (aka distal convoluted tubule)

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47
Q

where are the renal tubules located in the kidney?

A

most of the renal tubule is confined to the renal cortex, but some of the nephron loops dip down into the renal medulla

48
Q

several distal tubules drain into one of the two ____ ____. Name them.

A

collecting ducts

  1. cortical collecting duct
  2. medullary collecting ducts
49
Q

cortical collecting ducts

A

collecting ducts in the renal cortex

50
Q

medullary collecting ducts

A

collecting ducts in the renal medulla

51
Q

near the renal papilla, the medullary collecting ducts enlarge to form _____ _____, which empty into the _____ _____

A

papillary ducts, minor calyces

52
Q

macula densa cells

A

tall, closely packed cells located at the junction between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule

53
Q

juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

A

specialized cells found on part of the afferent and efferent arterioles

54
Q

mesangial cells

A

located in the glomerulus and in between the afferent and efferent arterioles

55
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

-JG cells
-Macula densa cells
-Mesangial cells

56
Q

what are the JG, macula densa, and mesangial cells together called?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

57
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus function

A

plays a role in controlling the flow of filtrate through the nephron and blood pressure within the glomerulus

58
Q

Once the filtrate leaves the papillary ducts and enters the ____ ____, it is known as ____

A

minor calyces, urine

59
Q

papillary ducts –> ____ _____ –> ____ ____–> ____ ____

A

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis

60
Q

from the renal pelvis, the urine enters the _____ _____

A

urinary tract

61
Q

the first portion of the urinary tract is the…

A

ureters

62
Q

ureters (material and function)

A

tubes lined with transitional epithelium and walls made of smooth muscle, which massage the urine via peristalsis

63
Q

the ureters drain into the ______ wall of the urinary bladder at the _____ _____

A

posterioinferior wall, at the retail offices

64
Q

urinary bladder is lined with…

A

transitional epithelium and smooth muscle, which is sometimes called detrusor muscle

65
Q

urinary bladder rug

A

folds that allow the bladder to expand when it is filled with urine

66
Q

trigone

A

triangular-shaped area on the smooth inferior portion of the urinary bladder wall

67
Q

final organ of the urinary system

A

urethra

68
Q

urethra has ___ rings of muscle. Name them.

A

2 rings

-internal urethral sphincter: involuntary smooth muscle
-external urethral sphincter: voluntary skeletal muscle

69
Q

when the urethral sphincter relaxes, urine is ___ through the _______ ______ _____ by a process called _______

A

expelled through the external urethral orifice by micturition

70
Q

female urethra length

A

4 cm

71
Q

male urethra length

A

20 cm

72
Q

male urethra has ___ divisions. Name them

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
73
Q

prostatic urethra

A

division of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland

74
Q

membranous urethra

A

division of the urethra that passes through the pelvic diaphragm

75
Q

spongy urethra

A

division of the urethra that passes through the pelvic diaphragm

76
Q

urinary bladder sits ___ to the rectum

A

anterior

77
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified epithelium w cells that differ in appearance on the apical and basal sides

apical edge: dome shaped / squamous
basal edge: cuboidal

78
Q

ureter/urinary bladder histology layers

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost layer)
    -transitional epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
  2. Submucosa (middle layer)
    -loose connective tissue and glands that secrete watery mucus
    -the mucus plays a critical protective role by preventing chemicals in the urine from damaging and ulcerating the epithelium
  3. Muscularis (outermost layer)
    -dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
79
Q

kidney histology regions and what they’re made of

A

renal cortex and renal medulla, made of simple epithelia

A&P Term 3 (9 decks)

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