9d. Navigating in Space and Time

Question 1

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 1

Forgetting events prior to the trauma

Question 2

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 2

Forgetting events after the trauma and an inability to retain new information

Question 3

Immediate memory

Answer 3

Seconds

Reflects the electrical activity of the neurone and its neurotransmitter release

Question 4

Short Term Memory

Answer 4

• Limited capacity

- Short duration

Question 5

Short Term Memory

- 2 Types

Answer 5

• Working memory, allows manipulation and re-organisation of information, important for reasoning and the guidance of decision making and behaviour
• Short term memory, which is information storage and does not entail manipulation or re-organisation

Question 6

Delayed Match to Sample Test

- Description

Answer 6

Assesses working and short term memory.
Evaluates capacity to act on the basis of stored information rather than that available to them at the time.

Food morsel is shown to the monkey being hidden under one of 2 plates. After a variable delay the monkey must choose where the food is location to get the food reward.

Task is very familiar due to repetition.

Question 7

Delayed Match to Sample Test

- Lesion

Answer 7

Prefrontal cortex lesions impair performance.

Question 8

Delayed Matching to Sample Test

- 2 Measures

Answer 8

0-delay performance
- no delay so minimal requirements on memory

Performance half-life
- Delay for which performance has fallen halfway between 0 delay performance and chance

Question 9

Declarative Memories

- Neural Location

Answer 9

Medial temporal lobe of diencephalon

Question 10

Declarative Memories

- Episodic LTM

Answer 10

Recall of events you can remember

- Getting married

Question 11

Declarative Memories

- Semantic LTM

Answer 11

Memories that we know are facts but cannot remember happening
- Being born

Question 12

Declarative Memories

- 2 Types

Answer 12

• Episodic memory

- Semantic memory

Question 13

Non-Declarative Memory

Answer 13

• Procedural skills and habits
• Priming and perceptual learning
• Simple classical conditioning
• Non-associative learning

Question 14

Simple Classical Conditioning

- 2 Response Types

Answer 14

• Emotional responses via amygdala

- Skeletal responses via cerebellum

Question 15

HM

• Lesion
• Results

Answer 15

Medial temporal lobe resection for epilepsy

Damage:

• Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory
• Mild retrograde amnesia
• Impaired short term memory = poor DMST scores
• Reduces seizure frequency

Not Damaged:

• Learn new writing skills
• Eyeblink and emotional conditioning
• IQ

Question 16

NA

- Lesion

Answer 16

Medial diencephalon including the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, mamillary bodies and mamillothalamic tract

Damage:
- Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory

Question 17

Anterograde Amnesia

- Locations of Damage

Answer 17

• Hippocampus
• Mammillary bodies
• Anterior thalamic nucleus

Question 18

Medial Temporal Lobe Lesions

Answer 18

• Impaired recognition memory
• Intact skill learning
• Mild retrograde amnesia

Question 19

Measuring Recognition Memory

Answer 19

Delayed Non-Match to Sample test (DNMS)

Animal presented with a non-familial object

Then presented with this object and a novel object, and was rewarded if they chose the novel object, indicating that it knew which object was familiar.

Question 20

Measuring Skill learning

Answer 20

Lifesave motor-skill tast

Retrieve a sweet from a bent stick

Question 21

Excitotoxin

Answer 21

IBO

Spare passing axons but kills cell bodies

Question 22

Lesions Impairing Recognition Memory

Answer 22

Rhinal cortices

• Perirhinal
• Entorhinal

Question 23

Amygdala Damage

- Emotion

Answer 23

• Emotionless

Question 24

Place Cells

Answer 24

Hippocampal cells whose firing increases when in a particular location in its environment

Question 25

Hippocampus

- Roles

Answer 25

• Spatial mapping
• Scene coding
• Contextual conditioning

Question 26

Morris Water Maze

Answer 26

Submerged, hidden platform

Question 27

Morris Water Maze

- Block Learning

Answer 27

1. Hippocampal lesions
   - Rats with hippocampal lesions cannot learn the location of a hidden, submerged platform, failing to take advantage of the spatial cues.
   - If a single spatial cue is present in front of the platform the rat can swim towards it
   - Glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5, which blocks LTP

Question 28

Declarative Memory Inhibition

Answer 28

Hippocampal lesions

Question 29

Hippocampus

- Trisynaptic Circuit

Answer 29

1. Cortex
2. Rhinal cortices, particularly the entorhinal cortex
3. Dentate gyrus via perforant pathway
4. Hippocamus CA3 via mossy fibre pathway
5. Hippocampus CA1 via Schaffer collateral pathway