8a. Motivation Flashcards
2 Types of Motivation
- Internal homeostatic drive
- External goal/incentive motivation
Internal Homeostatic Drive
- Definition
Motivation to correct deviations from physiological set points
Internal Homeostatic Drive
- Examples
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Thermoregulation
Internal Homeostatic Drive
- Steps
- Input from sensors
- Integration to determine deviation from set point
- Output to correct deviation
Internal Homeostatic Drive
- Outputs
- Endocrine
- Autonomic
- Behavioural
External Goal/Incentive Motivation
- Definition
External pull towards a goal/incentive rather than internal drive
External Goal/Incentive Motivation
- Examples
- Sexual behaviour
- Aggression
- Competitive behaviour (running a race)
- Feeding or drinking due to pleasant taste
External Goal/Incentive Motivation
- Steps
- Input from sensors
- Integration to determine value of incentive/goal
- Output to achieve goal/incentive
External Goal/Incentive Motivation
- Outputs
- Endocrine
- Autonomic
- Behavioural
2 Types of Motivated Behaviour
- Consummatory
- Appetitive
Consummatory Behaviour
- Defintion
Behaviours that involve interacting with the goal object directly.
- Inflexible
- Species/goal specific
- Reflexive
Consummatory Behaviour
- Examples
- Eating
- Copulating
- Drinking
Appetitive Behaviour
- Definition
Behaviours that involve the performance of a voluntary behaviour to seek out a goal
- Flexible
Appetitive Behaviour
- Examples
- Food searching
- Lever pressing for delivery of a pleasant stimuli
- Attracting and searching for a mate
Decerebration Experiments
Cut above the midbrain to remove the forebrain
Some motivational behaviours are intact:
- Simple somato-motor reflexes
- Taste differentiation
- Hunger and satiety signals
Some motivational behaviours are lost
Hypothalamus
- Location
Ventro-rostral to the thalamus
Bordered rostrally by the optic chasm and caudally by the maxillary bodies
Hypothalamus
- Divisions
Medio-lateral divisions:
- Lateral
- medial
- Pericentricular
Anterio-posterior divisions:
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior
Hypothalamus
- Nuclei
- Dorsomedial
- Ventromedial
- Lateral
- Periventricular
- Arcuate
Hypothalamus
- Inputs
Inputs carry information on internal state
- Neural
- Chemical
- Temperature
Hypothalamus
- Neural Inputs
Brainstem
- Somatic afferents
- Visceral afferents
Forebrain
Hypothalamus
- Somatic Afferents
Don’t contain somatotopically organised information so don’t allow feature detection
Important in neuroendocrine reflexes:
- Milk ejection
- Stereotypical behaviours
Hypothalamus
- Visceral Afferents
Project form the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and reticular formation
Convey gustatory and olfactory information
Hypothalamus
- Forebrain Afferents
Originate from the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex
Convey information about motivation significance of external stimuli
Hypothalamus
- Chemical Inputs
- Endocrine inputs
- Osmolality inputs