Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAB > 9c. Control of Behaviour. Problems of Impulsivity and Compulsivity > Flashcards

9c. Control of Behaviour. Problems of Impulsivity and Compulsivity Flashcards

1
Q

Striatum Role in Behaviour

A

Ventral striatum:
- Selects the goal (high level action)

Dorsal striatum:
- Decisions mediating the exact movement (lower level action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- 2 Types

A
  • Impulsivity

- Compulsivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Impulsivity

- Actions

A

Impulsive actions are actions which are:

  • Poorly conceived
  • prematurely expressed
  • Unduly risky
  • Inappropriate to the situation
  • Often result in undesirable consequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compulsivity

- Actions

A

Compulsive actions are actions which:

  • Persist inappropriately to the situation
  • Have no obvious relationship to the overall goal
  • Often result in undesirable consequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Causes

A

Impulsive and compulsive behaviours result form a shared lack of appropriate behavioural inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Measurement

A
  • Experimental

- Psychometric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Experimental Measurement Advantages

A
  • Objective so can be compared with other cohorts

- Parameters can be adapted for species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Experimental Measurement Limitations

A
  • Focusses on the tendency to show specific behaviour in a specific context at the time of testing, rather than broader trait-level responses underlying behavioural expression
  • Resource intensive
  • Requires direct access to animals
  • Expensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Psychometric Measurement Description

A

Involves using questionnaires to assess animal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Experimental Measurement Description

A

Involves investigating a very specific behaviour in a very specific context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Psychometric Measurement Advantages

A
  • Rapidly
  • Inexpensive
  • Measures behaviour over a wide range of contexts
  • Readily available to owners to increase sampling size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Psychometric Measurement Disadvantages

A
  • May lack biological and convergent validity so may not be reliable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disorders of Behavioural Control

- Psychometric Measurement Example

A

Dop impulsivity assessment scale (DIAS)

Higher score = more impulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Impulsivity

- Description

A

Disorder of:

  • Stopping
  • Waiting
  • Tolerance of delay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Stopping Method

A

Stop Signal Reaction Time Task (SSRT)
- Measures the speed of the inhibition process

Train an animal to carry out an action as quickly as possible when given a ‘go signal’.
Then introduce a ‘stop signal’ where the animal must stop the response that they have initiated.

Moving the ‘stop singal’ closer to the ‘go signal’ makes it more difficult to stop, and more impulsive subjects are less likely to stop in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Stopping Results

A

More impulsive subjects are less likely to stop in time and therefore have longer stop signal reaction times (SSRTs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Impulsivity

- Stopping Pathways

A
  • Direct

- Indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Impulsivity

- Direct Pathway

A

Promotes movement

Excited striatum inhibits the internal segment of the globus pallidus to disinhibit the thalamus, increasing its excitation of the motor cortex to increase movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Impulsivity

- Indirect Pathway

A

Inhibits movement

Excited striatum inhibits the external segment of the globus pallidus to disinhibit the sub thalamic nucleus, allowing it to excite the internal globes pallidus and increase thalamic inhibition to decrease excitation of the motor cortex

20
Q

Impulsivity

- Pathway Control

A

Both the direct and indirect pathway are controlled by dopamine.

Direct pathway involves D1 receptors

Indirect pathway involves D2 receptors

21
Q

Impulsivity

- D1 Antagonist

A

SCH23390
Blocks the direct pathway, shifting the balance in favour of the indirect pathway and behavioural inhibition

  • Lower impulsivity shown by shorter stop signal reaction times (SSRTs)
22
Q

Impulsivity

- D2 Antagonist

A

Sulpiride
Blocks the indirect pathway, shifting the balance in favour of the direct pathway and behavioural activation

  • Higher impulsivity shown by longer stop signal reaction times (SSRTs)
23
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Waiting Method

A

5 choice serial reaction time test

Animal presented with 5 nose-poke apertures and have to wait until a light is presented in 1 of the apertures, and will then receive a food reward if they nose poke that aperture.

The intertrial interval (ITI) is varied to measure waiting times

24
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Waiting Results

A

A subset of rats were found to have a high trait impulsivity as they make more premature responses as the intertrial time interval (ITI) is increased.

However, this group of rats performed normally on the stop signal reaction time tase (SSRT).

PET scans and micro dialysis were used t show that D2/D3 receptors decreased in the ventral striatum

25
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Tolerance of Delay Method

A

Delayed reinforcement task

Animal is present with 2 choices:

  • Choice 1 results in s small amount of food immediately
  • Choice 2 results in a larger amount of food given after a delay, which can be increased
26
Q

Impulsivity

- Measuring Tolerance of Delay Results

A

As the delay increases, preference for the larger reward decreases.

This occurs with smaller delays in more impulsive animals

27
Q

Impulsivity

- Urinary Metabolites

A

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is the main metabolite of serotonin

The more impulsive the animal, the higher its urinary 5-HIAA

28
Q

Impulsivity

- Correlates

A
  • High dog impulsivity assessment scale (DIAS) score
  • High stop signal reaction time (SSRT)
  • Many premature responses as intertrial interval (ITI) increases
  • High maximum delay on the delayed reinforcement task
  • Increased urinary 5-hydroxyidoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
  • Reduced 5-hydroxyidoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
29
Q

Impulsivity

- CSF Composition

A

High CSF 5-hydroxyindoleaceatic acid correlates to impulsive behaviours

  • Long risky jumps in wild Vervet monkeys
  • Aggression in primates
  • Aggression without warning in dogs
30
Q

Impulsivity

- Treatment

A

Drugs that boost serotonin:

- Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, increasing synaptic secretion levels

31
Q

Compulsivity

- 2 Types

A
  • Stereotypies

- Compulsive behaviours

32
Q

Compulsivity

- Stereotypies Description

A

Behaviours with no purpose other than performance of the motor pattern

Repetitive invariant behaviours with no obvious goal or function

33
Q

Compulsivity

- Stereotypies Examples

A
  • Pacing around a cage
  • Hungry chickens develop stereotypical pecking
  • Hungry, confined pigs develop stereotypical bar biting
  • Hungry rats who periodically receive s small pellet of food develop excessive and compulsive drinking behaviour despite not being thirst
34
Q

Compulsivity

- Compulsive Behaviour Description

A

Behaviours that appear to be related to some kind of goal, or have resulted from a previous goal that is no longer applicable

35
Q

Compulsivity

- Compulsive Behaviour Examples

A
  • Nest building in rodents

- Acral licking in dogs

36
Q

Compulsivity

- Treatment

A

Blocking dopaminergic input to the ventral striatum abolishes stereotypical behaviours

Large doses of dopaminergic agonists such as apomorphine, INDUCE stereotypical behaviours.

Dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol reduce stereotypical behaviour
- Acral licking

Clomipramine

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Fluoxetine
- Mice compulsive nest building

37
Q

Compulsivity

- Displacement Behaviour Definition

A

Irrelevant activities that intrude into a stressful situation and can become compulsive

Stereotypies

38
Q

Compulsivity

- Cause

A

Striatal dysfunction

- erroneous activation of irrelevant low level motor pattern in the striatum

39
Q

Crib Biting

- Description

A

Horses grasp a solid object in their incisors, arch their neck and contract the lower netk muscles to retract the larynx

40
Q

Crib Biting

- Causes

A

Stress:
- More common in isolated horses

Nutrition:

  • Occurs post-prandially
  • Cereal feeds

Striatal Dysfunction:
- PET images show high D1 and D2 receptors densities in the nucleus accumbens, and in the caudate nucleus that controls motivation

41
Q

Crib Biting

- Function?

A
  • May be to generate more saliva to neutralise an uncomfortable, alkaline caecum. Supported by supplements that reduce caecal pH reducing crib biting incidence
42
Q

Acral Licking

- Description

A

Acral lucking dermatitis (ALD) is the most common grooming stereotypy in dogs

Repeatedly lick or scratch the carpus, metacarpus and metatarsus causing damage

43
Q

Acral Licking

- Treatment

A

Dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol

44
Q

Compulsivity

- T Maze Method

A

Rats in a cross-shaped maze were trained to run down one arm to gain a food reward.

The rat is placed in the opposite arm of the maze so can either exhibit:

  • Place learning, moving to the correct arm
  • Reinforced motor response, moving in the same direction
45
Q

Compulsivity

- T Maze Results

A

Day 8 = place learning

Day 16 = reinforced motor response

46
Q

Compulsivity

- T Maze Lidocaine

A

Lidocaine injection into the caudate blocked the reinforced motor response

47
Q

Other Agents involved in Compulsivity

A
  • Serotonergic lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex impairs compulsivity in tasks

NAB (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions